Two kinds of cycloalkoxy silane compounds were synthesized and used as the internal electron donors （IEDs） of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst for ethylene polymerization to produce polyethylene with broader molecul...Two kinds of cycloalkoxy silane compounds were synthesized and used as the internal electron donors （IEDs） of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst for ethylene polymerization to produce polyethylene with broader molecular weight distribution （MWD）, The effect of the structure and the amount of these IEDs on the polymerization performance was in- vestigated. The results implied that the molecular weight distribution of the obtained polyethylene could be adjusted by the incorporation of IEDs. SEM result showed that the morphology of catalyst particle was spherical and uniform in size distribution. The titanium content of these catalysts was higher, the active TiCl4 species were easily anchored on the support than that without adding IED, which was determined by ICE The GPC result confirmed that the polyethylene with broader molecular weight distribution in the range of from 23.4 to 25.6 was obtained using triethoxy-（-cyclopentyloxy）-silane （ED1） and triethoxy-（-cyclohexyloxyl）- silane （ED2） as the internal electron donors.展开更多
The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial ...The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21174011)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,(No.2102036)the PetroChina Innovation Fund(Grant No.2011D-5006-0502)
文摘Two kinds of cycloalkoxy silane compounds were synthesized and used as the internal electron donors （IEDs） of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst for ethylene polymerization to produce polyethylene with broader molecular weight distribution （MWD）, The effect of the structure and the amount of these IEDs on the polymerization performance was in- vestigated. The results implied that the molecular weight distribution of the obtained polyethylene could be adjusted by the incorporation of IEDs. SEM result showed that the morphology of catalyst particle was spherical and uniform in size distribution. The titanium content of these catalysts was higher, the active TiCl4 species were easily anchored on the support than that without adding IED, which was determined by ICE The GPC result confirmed that the polyethylene with broader molecular weight distribution in the range of from 23.4 to 25.6 was obtained using triethoxy-（-cyclopentyloxy）-silane （ED1） and triethoxy-（-cyclohexyloxyl）- silane （ED2） as the internal electron donors.
基金Under the auspices of Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin (No. IWHR-SKL-201111)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41101024)
文摘The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.
