唐在西南边疆地区统治和防御体系的建构、演化与终结

开国之初,唐朝积极经略西南边疆地区,遍置羁縻州县。以戎、雟、姚州都督府和安南都护府为主要的政治中心和军事据点,在今天的四川西南、云南和越南中部、北部地区建立了有效的统治,并就此建构了唐在西南边疆地区的统治和防御体系。在唐、吐蕃和南诏势力相互角逐的过程中,该体系随之变更和调整,直至终结。吐蕃南犯是该体系崩溃的开始、唐诏“天宝战争”是该体系演化的转折点、南诏则成了决定该体系存亡的关键。

建立透明政府——解读伊斯顿的政治体系理论

伊斯顿的政治体系理论强调政治体系的正常运转关键在于政府,在于政府决策的透明度;通过对伊斯顿理论的解读和借鉴,可以反思我国的政治统治体系在运作过程存在的主要问题是政府决策执行的不透明,因此,建立透明政府,是我国政治体制改革的当务之急。

商代聚落模式及其所体现的政治经济景观

以金字塔式的聚落等级体系、横向纵向联系紧密的聚落群网状分布形式构成了商代的聚落模式。这种聚落模式体现了商代统治者“体国经野”和“立君利群”的政治内容:金字塔式的聚落等级模式体现了商代森严的等级制度,城的修建和内部区划体现了有力的社会调控机制,聚落群的形成体现了商王朝聚落迁徙的全民性,也从一个侧面反映了商王朝强大的政治强制性。商代聚落模式还蕴含着统治者关注农业生产和经济地理位置的优选、聚落内经济区域建设的因素:商代聚落体系的择立要素和聚落内涵体现出以农业为主、渔猎为辅的社会经济景观,商聚落体系经济地理位置的优选体现了聚敛矿产资源的经济管理景观。商王国及各方国的中心聚落与其周围聚落群在政治、经济等方面形成了较密切的从属与依赖关系,并形成一个相对独立的、动态的网状系统,构成商王朝自上而下的统治体系。

从“安南”说到“越南”

“安南”一词，最初作为地区一政区名出现于中国载籍，是唐代初叶的事。公元679年（高宗调露元年），唐廷改交州部督府为安南都护府，和前此先后建置的安西、安东、安北等一系列都护府“成龙配套”，同为中国四裔边陲的军政长官及其辖区，“安南”一名自此始见。其中，“南”，是方位词，很好理解；“安”，有“安定”、“安泰”、“安谧”等多种吉祥含义。

Test Bench for Robotics and Autonomy： Overview and Test Results

In this paper, the TAS-I （Thales Alenia Space-Italy） Test Bench for Robotics and Autonomy （TBRA） is presented. It is based on a flexible and modular software architecture （Framework Engine）, in which each functional module （representing the GNC subsystems） implements a key functionality of the GNC （Guidance Navigation and Control）. Modules communicate by means of standardised interfaces designed for exchange of necessary information among the modules composing the entire system. This approach permits the interchange-ability of each subsystem without affecting the overall functionalities of the GNC system. In this paper, the TBRA system, together with the implemented functional modules will be described. Tests results will be reported and future development will be discussed.

Automation System for Quality Control in Manufacture of Iodine-125 Sealed Sources Used in Brachytherapy

The objective of this work is to develop an automation system for quality control （QC） in the production of Iodine-125 sealed sources, after undergoing the process of laser beam welding （LBW）. These sources, also known as Iodine-125 seeds are used, successfully, in the treatment of cancer by brachytherapy, with low-dose rates. Each small seed is composed of a welded titanium capsule with 0.8 mm diameter and 4.5 mm in length, containing Iodine-125 adsorbed on an internal silver wire. The seeds are implanted in the human prostate to irradiate the tumor and treat the cancerous cells. The technology to automate the quality control system in the manufacture of lodine-125 seeds consists in developing and associate mechanical parts, electronic components and pneumatic circuits to control machines and processes. The automation technology for Iodine-125 seed production developed in this work employs programmable logic controller （PLC）, step motors, drivers of control, electrical-electronic interfaces, photoelectric sensors, interfaces of communication and software development. Industrial automation plays an important role in the production of Iodine-125 seeds, with higher productivity and high standard of quality, facilitating the implementation and operation of processes with good manufacturing practices （GMP）. Nowadays, the Radiation Technology Centre at IPEN-CNEN/SP imports and distributes 36,000 lodine-125 seeds per year for clinics and hospitals in the whole country. However, the Brazilian potential market is of 8,000 lodine-125 seeds per month. Therefore, the local production of these radioactive seeds has become a priority for the Institute, aiming to reduce the price and increase the supply to the population in Brazil.

视域融合中的判断与选择——对“政治文化”的再理解

政治与文化间的关系始终是客观存在的,对这种关系的观察和研究由来已久。从这个意义上讲,政治文化研究的出现并非偶然。问题是,“政治文化”作为一个由多学科的共同关注而发展出来的学科概念,视域的融合(借用解释学的语言),显然造成了它的理解难度。本文期望通过对“政治文化”学科意义的把握,分别整理关于政治与文化的“前认识”,并借助“视域融合”的语言,寻找对“政治文化”的再理解。

Gene-viral vectors: a promising way to target tumor cells and express anticancer genes simultaneously

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new kind of vector system called gene-viral vector, which combines the advantages of gene and virus therapies. METHODS: Using recombinant technology, an anti-tumor gene was inserted into the genome of replicative virus specific for tumor cells. The cell killing effect, reporter gene expression of the green fluorescence protein, anti-tumor gene expression of mouse interleukin-12 (mIL-12) and replication of virus were observed by the methods of cell pathology, fluorescence microscopy, ELISA and electron microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: A new kind of gene-viral vector system of adenovirus, in which the E1b-55 kD gene was deleted but the E1a gene was preserved, was constructed. The vector system, like the replicative virus ONYX-015, replicated and proliferated in tumor cells but not in normal ones. Our vector had an advantage over ONYX-015 in that it carried different kinds of anti-tumor genes to enhance its therapeutic effect. The reporter gene expression of the green fluorescence protein in tumor cells was much better than the adenovirus vector employed in conventional gene the rapy, and the expression in our vector system was as low as or even less than that in the conventional adenovirus gene therapy system. Similar results were observed in experiments with this vector system carrying the anti-tumor gene mIL-12. Replication and proliferation of the virus carrying the mIL-12 gene in tumor cells were confirmed by electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Gene-viral vectors are new vectors with an anti-tumor gene inserted into the genome of replicative virus specific for tumor cells. Because of the specific replication and proliferation of the virus in tumor cells, expression of the anti-tumor gene is increased hundreds to thousands of times. This approach takes full advantages of gene therapy and virus therapy to enhance the effect on the tumor. It overcomes the disadvantages of conventional gene therapy, such as low transfer rate, low gene expression, lack of target tropism, and low anti-tumor activity. We believe that this is a promising means for future tumor treatment.

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based on amphiphilic principle:construction and application in drug delivery

The use of nanotechnology in drug-delivery systems(DDS) is attractive for advanced diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, for example, have promising applications as advanced drug carriers in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the development of drug-delivery systems based on an amphiphilic principle mainly conducted by our group for anti-cancer drug delivery. We first briefly address the synthetic chemistry for amphiphilic biodegradable polymers. In the second part, we summarize progress in the application of self-assembled polymer micelles using amphiphilic biodegradable copolymers as anti-tumor drug carriers.

New developments in small molecular compounds for anti-hepatitis C virus(HCV) therapy

Infection with hepatitis C virus （HCV） affects approximately 170 million people worldwide. However, no vaccine or immunoglobulin is currently available for the prevention of HCV infection. The standard of care （SOC） involving pegylated interferon-（] （PEG-IFN a） plus ribavirin （RBV） for 48 weeks results in a sustained virologic re- sponse in less than 50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1, the most prevalent type of HCV in North America and Europe. Recently, reliable in vitro culture systems have been developed for accelerating antiviral therapy research, and many new specifically targeted antiviral therapies for hepatitis C （STAT-C） and treatment strategies are being evaluated in clinical trials. These new antiviral agents are expected to improve present treatment significantly and may potentially shorten treatment duration. The aim of this review is to summarize the current developments in new anti-HCV drugs.

Growing role of CD40 ligand gene transfer therapy in the management of systemic malignancies besides hepatocellular carcinomas

The article ＂Cationic liposome-mediated transfection of CD40 ligand gene inhibits hepatic tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice＂ [doi： 10. 1631/jzus.B0820178] by Jiang et al.（2009） in a recent issue of the Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B was highly thought provoking. The authors have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of CD40 ligand gene therapy in inhibiting the growth of hepatocellular carcinomas. The findings of Jiang et al.（2009） are highly important as they further support and corroborate the rapidly expanding role of CD40 ligand gene therapy in the management of systemic malignancies besides hepatocellular carcinomas.