Objective: The aim of the work was to compare the dosimetric results that were obtained by using two treatment planning systems (TPS) Siemens KonRad version 2.2.23, Elekta XiO version 4.4 to perform a simultaneous ...Objective: The aim of the work was to compare the dosimetric results that were obtained by using two treatment planning systems (TPS) Siemens KonRad version 2.2.23, Elekta XiO version 4.4 to perform a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) for head and neck and central nervous system (CNS) cases in paediatric patients. Methods: The CT scan data for five paediatric patients, with head and neck and CNS tumors, were transferred into both of the TPSs. Clinical step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans were designed using 6 MV photon beam for delivery on a Siemens Oncor Accelerator with multileaf collimator MLC (82 leaf). Plans were optimized to achieve the same clinical objectives using the same beam energy, number and direction of beams. The analysis was based on isodose distributions, the dose volume histogram (DVH) for planning target volume (PTV) and the relevant organs at risk (OARs) as well as volume receiving 2 Gy and 5 Gy, also total number of segments, MU/segment, and the number of MU/cGy had been investigated. Treatment delivery time and conformation number were two other parameters in this study. Results: The segmentation using KonRad was more efficient, resulting in fewer segments (reduction between 13.2% and 48.3%), fewer M Us (reduction between 10.7% and 33%) and that reflected on treatment delivery times to be shorter by up to 8 rain or 46%. In most of the cases KonRad had the highest volume receiving in excess of 2 and 5 Gy, and XiO showed the lowest. Also KonRad achieved slightly better conformality (0.76 ± 0.054) than XiO (0.73 ± 0.05) while XiO presented a higher modulation factor value (3.3 MU/cGy) than KonRad (2.4 MU/cGy). Conclusion: The KonRad treatment planning system was found to be superior to the XiO treatment planning system. This is true for the possible increase of radiation-induced secondary malignancies as well as for the local control.展开更多
Hybrid systems are dynamical systems with interacting discrete computation and continuous physical processes, which have become more common, more indispensable, and more complicated in our modern life. Particularly, m...Hybrid systems are dynamical systems with interacting discrete computation and continuous physical processes, which have become more common, more indispensable, and more complicated in our modern life. Particularly, many of them are safety-critical, and therefore are required to meet a critical safety standard. Invariant generation plays a central role in the verification and synthesis of hybrid systems. In the previous work, the fourth author and his coauthors gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a semi-algebraic set being an invariant of a polynomial autonomous dynamical system, which gave a confirmative answer to the open problem. In addition, based on which a complete algorithm for generating all semi-algebraic invariants of a given polynomial autonomous hybrid system with the given shape was proposed. This paper considers how to extend their work to non-autonomous dynamical and hybrid systems. Non-autonomous dynamical and hybrid systems are with inputs, which are very common in practice; in contrast, autonomous ones are without inputs. Furthermore, the authors present a sound and complete algorithm to verify semi-algebraic invariants for non-autonomous polynomial hybrid systems. Based on which, the authors propose a sound and complete algorithm to generate all invariants with a pre-defined template.展开更多
文摘Objective: The aim of the work was to compare the dosimetric results that were obtained by using two treatment planning systems (TPS) Siemens KonRad version 2.2.23, Elekta XiO version 4.4 to perform a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) for head and neck and central nervous system (CNS) cases in paediatric patients. Methods: The CT scan data for five paediatric patients, with head and neck and CNS tumors, were transferred into both of the TPSs. Clinical step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans were designed using 6 MV photon beam for delivery on a Siemens Oncor Accelerator with multileaf collimator MLC (82 leaf). Plans were optimized to achieve the same clinical objectives using the same beam energy, number and direction of beams. The analysis was based on isodose distributions, the dose volume histogram (DVH) for planning target volume (PTV) and the relevant organs at risk (OARs) as well as volume receiving 2 Gy and 5 Gy, also total number of segments, MU/segment, and the number of MU/cGy had been investigated. Treatment delivery time and conformation number were two other parameters in this study. Results: The segmentation using KonRad was more efficient, resulting in fewer segments (reduction between 13.2% and 48.3%), fewer M Us (reduction between 10.7% and 33%) and that reflected on treatment delivery times to be shorter by up to 8 rain or 46%. In most of the cases KonRad had the highest volume receiving in excess of 2 and 5 Gy, and XiO showed the lowest. Also KonRad achieved slightly better conformality (0.76 ± 0.054) than XiO (0.73 ± 0.05) while XiO presented a higher modulation factor value (3.3 MU/cGy) than KonRad (2.4 MU/cGy). Conclusion: The KonRad treatment planning system was found to be superior to the XiO treatment planning system. This is true for the possible increase of radiation-induced secondary malignancies as well as for the local control.
基金supported partly by“973 Program”under Grant No.2014CB340701by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61625205,91418204 and 61625206+2 种基金by CDZ Project CAP(GZ 1023)by the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teamssupported partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11290141,11271034 and 61532019
文摘Hybrid systems are dynamical systems with interacting discrete computation and continuous physical processes, which have become more common, more indispensable, and more complicated in our modern life. Particularly, many of them are safety-critical, and therefore are required to meet a critical safety standard. Invariant generation plays a central role in the verification and synthesis of hybrid systems. In the previous work, the fourth author and his coauthors gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a semi-algebraic set being an invariant of a polynomial autonomous dynamical system, which gave a confirmative answer to the open problem. In addition, based on which a complete algorithm for generating all semi-algebraic invariants of a given polynomial autonomous hybrid system with the given shape was proposed. This paper considers how to extend their work to non-autonomous dynamical and hybrid systems. Non-autonomous dynamical and hybrid systems are with inputs, which are very common in practice; in contrast, autonomous ones are without inputs. Furthermore, the authors present a sound and complete algorithm to verify semi-algebraic invariants for non-autonomous polynomial hybrid systems. Based on which, the authors propose a sound and complete algorithm to generate all invariants with a pre-defined template.