统计特征约束矿产储量计算法

本文从用于矿产储量计算(估算)的已知样本的样本品位、样本体积的概率统计分布特征对矿产储量计算(估算)的结果(矿石量、金属量、平均品位)具有某种制约性或具有某种本质的制约关系这一角度出发,提出了统计特征约束矿产储量计算法,以及这种方法的思想、概念及其这种方法的计算表述式。本方法不仅可以与现今的各种矿产储量计算(估算)方法有一定的联系,而且可以将现今的各种矿产储量计算(估算)方法从一个新的角度,即矿产储量计算结果与产生这种结果的已知样本的统计特征存在着某种制约关系的角度加以拓广及改进。

统计我国煤炭产量并提出合理化方案

为了评估我国煤炭总储备量,利用统计学知识,采用抽样调查的方法,对我国部分省(市)享有的煤矿进行调查研究,取得了相当的数据,在整理这些数据的基础上,分析数据的规律,依据现有的煤炭产量,推测出我国煤炭的储量,并对统计数据的过程中可能出现的遗漏加以修正,使数据及推算的结果偏于准确。

苏里格西区含水气藏合理产能评价方法研究

油气田的合理产能是油气田开发工作者最为关心的问题,是衡量开发方案执行情况以及制定开发调整方案的基本依据。合理产能的评价常用的方法主要有:采气指示曲线法、数值模拟法、产量不稳定分析法以及矿场生产统计法等方法,具体应该选用哪种方法需要根据油气田自身特点而定。针对苏里格气田西区的苏59区块投产时间较短,气水同产,难以进行产能评价及合理产量确定等问题,开展了对区块的产水特征研究。采用生产资料拟合建立气井模型和矿场生产统计两种方法对该区块进行合理产能评估,并用两种方法的配产结果进行综合分析,进而评价区块气井的合理配产情况,为苏里格气田西区含水气藏气井产能评价及合理产量的确定提供了依据。

苏5区块合理产能评价方法研究

油气田的合理产能是油气田开发工作者最为关心的问题，它是衡量开发方案执行情况以及制定开发调整方案的基本依据。合理产能的评价方法有多种，具体应该选用哪种方法需要根据油气田自身特点而定。针对苏里格气田苏5区块，分别讨论了4种合理产能评价方法的适用性，并优选一种对苏5区块2009年年底的合理产能状况进行评估。

国内外大型碳酸盐岩气藏主要开发评价指标

以四川盆地元坝气田上二叠统长兴组气藏和安岳气田磨溪区块下寒武统龙王庙组气藏等一批大型碳酸盐岩气藏的勘探发现为标志,我国大型碳酸盐岩气藏勘探开发进入了新阶段。然而由于碳酸盐岩气藏特殊的成藏过程使得该类气藏地质条件复杂,开发面临的不确定性大,不同气田开发效果差异较大。为科学开发碳酸盐岩气藏,以国内外开发成熟的不同类型碳酸盐岩气藏为解剖对象,剖析了典型气藏开发效果之间的差异及影响因素,归纳出影响碳酸盐岩气藏开发特征的主控因素,在细分气藏类型的基础上,提出了不同类型气藏开发指标推荐取值。结论认为,影响碳酸盐岩气藏开发效果的主要因素为驱动类型、储层物性、裂缝发育程度及气藏管理措施,基于开发主控因素将碳酸盐岩气藏细分为弹性气驱、孔隙型水驱、裂缝型边水驱和裂缝型底水驱4个亚类;通过统计分析提出了可采储量采气速度、稳产期、递减率和采收率等开发指标,可为国内类似气藏得科学开发提供参考。

Enhancing manual P-phase arrival detection and automatic onset time picking in a noisy microseismic data in underground mines

Accurate detection and picking of the P-phase onset time in noisy microseismic data from underground mines remains a big challenge. Reliable P-phase onset time picking is necessary for accurate source location needed for planning and rescue operations in the event of failures. In this paper, a new technique based on the discrete stationary wavelet transform （DSWT）and higher order statist!cs, is proposed for processing noisy data from underground mines. The objectives of this method are to （1） Improve manual detection and tPicking of P-phase onset; and （ii） provide an automatic means of detecting and picking P-phase onset me accurately. The DSWT is first used to filter the signal over several scales. The manual P-phase onset detection and picking are then obtained by computing the signal energy across selected scales with frequency bands that capture the signal of interest. The automatic P-phase onset, on the other hand, is achieved by using skewness- and kurtosis-based criterion applied to selected scales in a time-frequency domain. The method was tested using synthetic and field data from an underground limestone mine. Results were compared with results obtained by using the short-term to long-term average （STA/LTA） ratio and that by Reference Ge et al. （2009）. The results show that the me!hod provides a more reliable estimate of the P-phase onset arrival than the STA]LTA method when the signal to noise ratio is very low. Also, the results obtained from the field data matched accurately with the results from Reference Ge et al. （2009）.

国产DCS系统在贵冶预干燥工段的应用

介绍了在贵溪冶炼厂预干燥工段应用的国产DCS系统—HS2 0 0 0的硬件配置、软件组态 ,并介绍了分班分矿种统计输送量功能。

Reserve estimation of the high phosphorous stockpile at the Choghart iron mine of Iran using geostatistical modeling

An attempt to estimate the reserves in the High Phosphorous stockpile （HP） at the Choghart Iron mine of Iran was carded out using geostatistical modeling. Grade and tonnage estimates of ore stockpiles can help convert them into a valuable ore reserve. This is valuable in consideration of increasing metal demand, and the depletion of in situ ore reserves, around the world. Estimation of reserves in stockpiles is difficult partly because of geological and grade discontinuities created during the dumping of the ore piles. Data input for the HP stockpile at Choghart was performed based upon pre-existing information gathered during extraction from the various mining benches. After establishing the input data files the reserve estimates were found using geostatistical methods aided by the international mining software SURPAC. The stockpile was divided in to three domains and the reserves in each domain were estimated separately. A grade block model was used to compute the reserve. Fe% and P% were estimated using the Ordinary Kriging method. The results showed that the total tonnage of the HP stockpile is 4.5 million tons with an average zrade of 55% Fe and 1.03% P.

Science of empirical design in mining ground control

Many problems in rock engineering are limited by our imperfect knowledge of the material properties and failure mechanics of rock masses. Mining problems are somewhat unique, however, in that plenty of real world experience is generally available and can be turned into valuable experimental data.Every pillar that is developed, or stope that is mined, represents a full-scale test of a rock mechanics design. By harvesting these data, and then using the appropriate statistical techniques to interpret them,mining engineers have developed powerful design techniques that are widely used around the world.Successful empirical methods are readily accepted because they are simple, transparent, practical, and firmly tethered to reality. The author has been intimately associated with empirical design for his entire career, but his previous publications have described the application of individual techniques to specific problems. The focus of this paper is the process used to develop a successful empirical method. A sixstage process is described: identification of the problem, and of the end users of the final product; development of a conceptual rock mechanics model, and identification of the key parameters in that model;identification of measures for each of the key parameters, and the development of new measures(such as rating scales) where necessary; data sources and data collection; statistical analysis; and packaging of the final product. Each of these stages has its own potential rewards and pitfalls, which will be illustrated by incidents from the author's own experience. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide a new and deeper appreciation for empirical techniques, as well as some guidelines and opportunities for future developers.

Integrating artificial neural networks and geostatistics for optimum 3D geological block modeling in mineral reserve estimation:A case study

In this research, a method called ANNMG is presented to integrate Artificial Neural Networks and Geostatistics for optimum mineral reserve evaluation. The word ANNMG simply means Artificial Neural Network Model integrated with Geostatiscs, In this procedure, the Artificial Neural Network was trained, tested and validated using assay values obtained from exploratory drillholes. Next, the validated model was used to generalize mineral grades at known and unknown sampled locations inside the drilling region respectively. Finally, the reproduced and generalized assay values were combined and fed to geostatistics in order to develop a geological 3D block model. The regression analysis revealed that the predicted sample grades were in close proximity to the actual sample grades, The generalized grades from the ANNMG show that this process could be used to complement exploration activities thereby reducing drilling requirement. It could also be an effective mineral reserve evaluation method that could oroduce optimum block model for mine design.

Experimental Study on Roof Structure Characteristics and Its Failure Pattern in Coal Roadway

Based on the investigation and statistics of logs of 211 bole holes and strata data from 79 roadways in 13 coal mines located in Xishan, Jincheng, Lu’an, Fenxi, and Huozhou in China, the roadways’ roof structures were classified as multi-thin-layer, thin-thick combined layer, integrated thick layer, thick-coal layer, and cracked layer according to the geometric features and spatial strength distribution of surrounding rock. Then eight sub-categories were defined as different situations. And seven simulation modeling tests were carried out. The strata structures of these models were different from each other. At last, the relationship between roof structure and its failure pattern was discussed.

Characterization and separation of pyrite from Abu Tartur black shale

This work aimed for pyrite separation from Abu Tartur black shale as a source of sulfur to be an added economic value of Abu Tartur area. The considered samples in the present work were collected from a core drilled in Abu Tartur plateau representing the pyrite-rich black shale of the U. Cretaceous age, Sample characterization was carried out using petrographic microscope, XRD, DTA/DTG, C/S and XRF techniques. Clay minerals, silt-sized quartz, calcite, and hematite were the main minerals associating pyr- ite （5.34g）. Liberation behavior of the sample was about 80% below 5 μm. Sample processing was achieved through one-day soaking followed by classification using I inch Mozley hydro-cyclone where about 35.5% by weight went to underflow and 64.5% went to overflow. The underflow product was subjected to an advanced gravity separation process using SB-40 Falcon Concentrator through a CCD statistical design prepared by Design-Expert 6.0 software proposed to opti- mize the separation process through a study for the effects of frequency （Hz） and water pressure （Psi） on both assay and recovery of the sulfur-rich heavy fraction. A heavy concentrate weighed 10.90% with inorganic sulfur content reached 11.37% （21.24% pyrite） with overall recovery （50.01%） was obtained after two cleaning at the optimum conditions.

Prediction of rotary drilling penetration rate in iron ore oxides using rock engineering system

Prediction of the drilling penetration rate is one of the important parameters in mining operations. This parameter has a direct impact on the mine planning and cost of mining operations, Generally, effective parameters on the penetration rate is divided into two classes： rock mass properties and specifications of the machine, The chemical components of intact rock have a direct effect in determining rock mechan- ical properties, Theses parameters usually have not been investigated in any research on the rock drill- ability, In this study, physical and mechanical properties of iron ore were studied based on the amount of magnetite percent, According to the results of the tests, the effective parameters on the pen- etration rate of the rotary drilling machines were divided into three classes： specifications of the machi- nes, rock mass properties and chemical component of intact rock, Then, the rock drillahility was studied using rock engineering systems, The results showed that feed, rotation, rock mass index and iron oxide percent have important effect on penetration rate, Then a quadratic equation with 0,896 determination coefficient has been obtained, Also, the results showed that chemical components can he described as new parameters in rotary drill penetration rate,

3D inversion of borehole gravity data using cokriging

Borehole gravity has been used in mineral exploration recently with the advent of slim-hole gravimeters. It is logical to perform inversion to utilize the information in the newly acquired data. The inversions were carried out by using cokriging,which is a geostatistical method of estimation that minimizes the error variance by applying cross-correlation between several variables. In this study the estimated densities are derived by using boreholes gravity and known densities along the borehole. This method does not need iterative process and computes efficiently. The selection of examples demonstrates that this method has the ability to include physical property from borehole measurements in the inversion. The synthetic examples demonstrate the density variation along a borehole can be well determined without depth constraints in the inversion. The resolution of the recovered model can be further improved by including the densities along the borehole for inversion. However,this capability decreases dramatically with the increasing of distance between the anomalous body and the borehole.

Optimization of reagent dosages for copper flotation using statistical technique

The effects of Z11 and AP407 collectors as well as AF65 and AF70 frothers were evaluated in the rougher flotation circuit of the Sungun copper concentrator plant using 2 4 full factorial design.Response functions were produced for both Cu grade and recovery and optimized within the experimental range.The optimum reagent dosages were found to be 12.01 g/t Z11,11 g/t AP407,3 g/t AF65 and 5 g/t AF70 to attain the maximum Cu grade(8.17%).The reagent dosages of 12 g/t Z11,11 g/t AP407,3 g/t AF65 and 15 g/t AF70 produced the maximum Cu recovery(86.44%).The collector distribution demonstrated that the distribution pattern of(32%,32%,20%,16%)can produce the best recovery(87.75%)in comparison to other examined distribution patterns.

Modeling of miner track system during steering motion

Equipment for deep sea mining has risen from a position of virtual non-existence to a major industrial significance and in deep sea bed mining, the miner is the key equipment of the whole system that charges with the most complex and dangerous task.Evaluation of trafficability for tracked vehicles for deep sea mining is essential. Rare earth elements(REEs) are used in a wide range of modern applications. These applications are highly specific and substitutes are inferior or unknown. One possible source of the REE could be the poly-metallic nodule, at present explored in the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean. In developing miners of high performance, dynamic behaviour should be investigated under various traveling conditions. The mechanics of tracked vehicles is of continuing interest to organizations and agencies that specify design and operate tracked vehicles. Most works done are on the complete track vehicle system but in this work the research activity is aimed only at the track system with the basic aim of optimizing the track system design so that it can be manufactured by using the minimum resources. Equations and models are developed for the track system of a miner during steering motion. These equations and models could further be used for design optimization of the track system.

The new method of prediction on mining subsidence and deformation

A new probability function of mining overlying strata and subsidence is put forward that has a general statistical significance based on the ideal stochastic medium displacement model. It establishes a new system of prediction on horizontal mining subsidence and deformation, which gives a new method for prediction on mining subsidence and deformation.

Establishment of water source discrimination model in coal mine by using hydrogeochemistry and statistical analysis： a case study from Renlou Coal Mine in northern Anhui Province, China

The demand for energy consumption promotes to find more coal in deep underground up to 1 000 m and brings more serious situation of water disaster. As one of the major methods for water disaster control, hydrogeochemistry attracts a series of studies related to water source discrimination. In this paper, a simple method for constructing the water source discrimination model based on major ions and multivariate statistical analysis was reported using the following procedures： （1） collection of data and interpretation, （2） analysis of controlling factors based on the chemical composition of groundwater, （3） ＂pure＂ sample chosen, and （4） discrimination model establishment. After the processes, two functions and a diagram were established for three aquifers （the Quaternary, Coal bearing, and Taiyuan Fm.） from the Renlou Coal Mine in northern Anhui Province, China. The method can be applied in almost all coal mines and can be used for evaluating the contribution ratios if the water is collected from a mixing source.

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

According to a lot of practical data in Liujialiang Mine and reliability theory and result of computer simulation, operation regularity of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining production system in the condition of gently inclined complicated geological structure and production shortcomings are found out and reliability of system and output of the working face are predicted finally.

SIMULATION OF STRATA MOVEMENTS DUE TO UNDERGROUND MINING USING AN AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR EQUIVALENT MATERIAL MODELING FACILITY

Strata movement simulation was conducted in an equivalent material modeling facility developed by the Department of Mining Engineering, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, under U. S. Bureau of Mines contracts. An innovative displacement measurement system called videogrammetric system was developed and utilized for recording, measuring and analyzing the deformation and failure process of the models. A room and pillar mining and a longwall mining prototypes were studied in the modeling. Study found that weak floor of coal seam plays an important role in pillar stability and therefore the overburden movements.