Reliability tolerance design of electromagnetic relay during its design period plays an essential role in guaranteeing the consistencies of reliability and output characteristic. The reliability tolerance design can e...Reliability tolerance design of electromagnetic relay during its design period plays an essential role in guaranteeing the consistencies of reliability and output characteristic. The reliability tolerance design can ensure that the products would work well under the influence of disturbing factors (including internal interference, external interference, and machining dispersion). Com- pared with static characteristic, dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay can describe its operating process better. This article researches influence of the three kinds of disturbing factors on the dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay based on calculating dynamic characteristic. Then, the dynamic reliability tolerance design method of electromagnetic relay is discussed considering three kinds of disturbing factors. Conclusions reached can help to assure the reliability of electromagnetic relay from the beginning of design.展开更多
Regulatory T cells （Treg） play important roles in immune system homeostasis, and may also be involved in tumor immunotolerance by suppressing Th1 immune response which is involved in anti-tumor immunity. We have pre...Regulatory T cells （Treg） play important roles in immune system homeostasis, and may also be involved in tumor immunotolerance by suppressing Th1 immune response which is involved in anti-tumor immunity. We have previously reported that immunization with attenuated activated autologous T cells leads to enhanced anti-tumor immunity and upregulated Thl responses in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that Treg function was significantly downregulated in mice that received immunization of attenuated activated autologous T cells. We found that Foxp3 expression decreased in CD4＋CD25＋ T cells from the immunized mice. Moreover, CD4＋CD25＋Foxp3＋ Treg obtained from immunized mice exhibited diminished immunosuppression ability compared to those from naive mice. Further analysis showed that the serum of immunized mice contains a high level ofanti-CD25 antibody （about 30 ng/ml, p〈0.01 vs controls）. Consistent with a role ofanti-CD25 response in the downregulation of Treg, adoptive transfer of serum from immunized mice to naive mice led to a significant decrease in Treg population and function in recipient mice. The triggering of anti-CD25 response in immunized mice can be explained by the fact that CD25 was induced to a high level in the ConA activated autologous T cells used for immunization. Our results demonstrate for the first time that immunization with attenuated activated autologous T cells evokes anti-CD25 antibody production, which leads to impeded CD4＋CD25＋Foxp3＋ Treg expansion and function in vivo. We suggest that dampened Treg function likely contributes to enhanced Thl response in immunized mice and is at least part of the mechanism underlying the boosted anti-tumor immunity.展开更多
基金Project (No. LRB05-002) supported by the Heilongjiang Postdoc-toral Fund, China
文摘Reliability tolerance design of electromagnetic relay during its design period plays an essential role in guaranteeing the consistencies of reliability and output characteristic. The reliability tolerance design can ensure that the products would work well under the influence of disturbing factors (including internal interference, external interference, and machining dispersion). Com- pared with static characteristic, dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay can describe its operating process better. This article researches influence of the three kinds of disturbing factors on the dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay based on calculating dynamic characteristic. Then, the dynamic reliability tolerance design method of electromagnetic relay is discussed considering three kinds of disturbing factors. Conclusions reached can help to assure the reliability of electromagnetic relay from the beginning of design.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30671945)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.06JC14044,05ZR14055,054319928,04DZ14902)+2 种基金Shanghai Municipal Education(No.05BZ26)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(T0206)Science Foundation of Shanghai Institute of Immunology(No.07-A04,to Ningli Li).
文摘Regulatory T cells （Treg） play important roles in immune system homeostasis, and may also be involved in tumor immunotolerance by suppressing Th1 immune response which is involved in anti-tumor immunity. We have previously reported that immunization with attenuated activated autologous T cells leads to enhanced anti-tumor immunity and upregulated Thl responses in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that Treg function was significantly downregulated in mice that received immunization of attenuated activated autologous T cells. We found that Foxp3 expression decreased in CD4＋CD25＋ T cells from the immunized mice. Moreover, CD4＋CD25＋Foxp3＋ Treg obtained from immunized mice exhibited diminished immunosuppression ability compared to those from naive mice. Further analysis showed that the serum of immunized mice contains a high level ofanti-CD25 antibody （about 30 ng/ml, p〈0.01 vs controls）. Consistent with a role ofanti-CD25 response in the downregulation of Treg, adoptive transfer of serum from immunized mice to naive mice led to a significant decrease in Treg population and function in recipient mice. The triggering of anti-CD25 response in immunized mice can be explained by the fact that CD25 was induced to a high level in the ConA activated autologous T cells used for immunization. Our results demonstrate for the first time that immunization with attenuated activated autologous T cells evokes anti-CD25 antibody production, which leads to impeded CD4＋CD25＋Foxp3＋ Treg expansion and function in vivo. We suggest that dampened Treg function likely contributes to enhanced Thl response in immunized mice and is at least part of the mechanism underlying the boosted anti-tumor immunity.
