Objectives:This study aimed to explore childbirth fear and childbirth preparation among primigravid women in the late pregnancy from 36 to 40 weeks gestation.Methods:We purposively recruited 18 primigravid women into ...Objectives:This study aimed to explore childbirth fear and childbirth preparation among primigravid women in the late pregnancy from 36 to 40 weeks gestation.Methods:We purposively recruited 18 primigravid women into in-depth interviews,21 birth companions,and 13 health workers into focus group discussions.Participants were recruited from two community hospitals'maternity waiting homes in Lilongwe,Malawi.Semi-structured interview guides were used to collect data that were analyzed using content analysis.NVivo11 computer software was used to organize the data.Results:The four categories developed were:"ambivalent pregnancy feelings","dependence on traditional childbirth counseling","inadequate prenatal childbirth instruction"and"inconsistent roles of a birth companion".The findings suggest that primigravid women who were mainly exposed to traditional childbirth mentoring rather than professional care providers,experienced childbirth fear,and lacked proper psychosocial childbirth preparation.Conclusions:Childbirth fear among primigravid women emanate from personal;family;ineffective traditional counseling;and inadequate antenatal childbirth instruction.Birth companions may increase childbirth stress.However,our findings highlight birth companions as readily available psychosocial support resources among primigravid women.We recommend that professional childbirth instruction during antenatal care should be strengthened to surpass traditional childbirth counseling.Appropriateness and effectiveness of birth companions need to be carefully assessed.展开更多
Constraint is an important aspect of role based access control and is sometimes argued to be the principal motivation for role based access control (RBAC). But so far few authors have discussed consistency maintenan...Constraint is an important aspect of role based access control and is sometimes argued to be the principal motivation for role based access control (RBAC). But so far few authors have discussed consistency maintenance for constraint in RBAC model. Based on researches of constraints among roles and types of inconsistency among constraints, this paper introduces corresponding formal rules, rule based reasoning and corresponding methods to detect, avoid and resolve these inconsistencies. Finally, the paper introduces briefly the application of consistency maintenance in ZD PDM, an enterprise oriented product data management (PDM) system.展开更多
Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual wo...Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual work equation performed under the upper bound theorem.It is necessary to point out that the properties of surrounding rock mass plays a vital role in the shape of collapsing rock mass.The first order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulation method are then employed to analyze the stability of presented mechanism.Different rock parameters are considered random variables to value the corresponding reliability index with an increasing applied support pressure.The reliability indexes calculated by two methods are in good agreement.Sensitivity analysis was performed and the influence of coefficient variation of rock parameters was discussed.It is shown that the tensile strength plays a much more important role in reliability index than dimensionless parameter,and that small changes occurring in the coefficient of variation would make great influence of reliability index.Thus,significant attention should be paid to the properties of surrounding rock mass and the applied support pressure to maintain the stability of tunnel can be determined for a given reliability index.展开更多
The lack of proper maintenance in buildings is responsible for various anomalies, which can cause property and personal damage. The objective of this study is to analyze the maintenance management of the administratio...The lack of proper maintenance in buildings is responsible for various anomalies, which can cause property and personal damage. The objective of this study is to analyze the maintenance management of the administration building at the Technological Park UFRJ/Brazil, trying to emphasize the relation between maintenance and good performance of the building and to demonstrate the need to develop a consistent maintenance system to achieve an efficient maintenance management. The study allowed to present strategies and possibilities of interventions, in addition to proposing the essential aspects for the development of a structured maintenance system. After reviewing the issue of building maintenance under the various perspectives presented, the importance of planning a preventive building maintenance, according to standards, to achieve the level of performance expected for the building, besides being essential the search for tools and methods that can increase the efficiency of management can be concluded. It is also pertinent to conclude that prevention is the most effective solution against the depreciation factors that affect a building, being the most economical viable, and ensuring other benefits for the building and its users, such as security, property valuation and attendance to the warranty period.展开更多
After analysis of the existing problems of traditional RBAC model, user group and resource domain are introduced to conduct finely granular extension of RBAC model. Extended model reduces the redundancy of roles, lowe...After analysis of the existing problems of traditional RBAC model, user group and resource domain are introduced to conduct finely granular extension of RBAC model. Extended model reduces the redundancy of roles, lowers the complexity of authorization management and enhances the flexibility and maintainability of users＇ authorization. It is well proved in its application in postgraduate student management system.展开更多
文摘Objectives:This study aimed to explore childbirth fear and childbirth preparation among primigravid women in the late pregnancy from 36 to 40 weeks gestation.Methods:We purposively recruited 18 primigravid women into in-depth interviews,21 birth companions,and 13 health workers into focus group discussions.Participants were recruited from two community hospitals'maternity waiting homes in Lilongwe,Malawi.Semi-structured interview guides were used to collect data that were analyzed using content analysis.NVivo11 computer software was used to organize the data.Results:The four categories developed were:"ambivalent pregnancy feelings","dependence on traditional childbirth counseling","inadequate prenatal childbirth instruction"and"inconsistent roles of a birth companion".The findings suggest that primigravid women who were mainly exposed to traditional childbirth mentoring rather than professional care providers,experienced childbirth fear,and lacked proper psychosocial childbirth preparation.Conclusions:Childbirth fear among primigravid women emanate from personal;family;ineffective traditional counseling;and inadequate antenatal childbirth instruction.Birth companions may increase childbirth stress.However,our findings highlight birth companions as readily available psychosocial support resources among primigravid women.We recommend that professional childbirth instruction during antenatal care should be strengthened to surpass traditional childbirth counseling.Appropriateness and effectiveness of birth companions need to be carefully assessed.
文摘Constraint is an important aspect of role based access control and is sometimes argued to be the principal motivation for role based access control (RBAC). But so far few authors have discussed consistency maintenance for constraint in RBAC model. Based on researches of constraints among roles and types of inconsistency among constraints, this paper introduces corresponding formal rules, rule based reasoning and corresponding methods to detect, avoid and resolve these inconsistencies. Finally, the paper introduces briefly the application of consistency maintenance in ZD PDM, an enterprise oriented product data management (PDM) system.
基金Project (2013CB036004) supported by National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Based on nonlinear failure criterion,a three-dimensional failure mechanism of the possible collapse of deep tunnel is presented with limit analysis theory.Support pressure is taken into consideration in the virtual work equation performed under the upper bound theorem.It is necessary to point out that the properties of surrounding rock mass plays a vital role in the shape of collapsing rock mass.The first order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulation method are then employed to analyze the stability of presented mechanism.Different rock parameters are considered random variables to value the corresponding reliability index with an increasing applied support pressure.The reliability indexes calculated by two methods are in good agreement.Sensitivity analysis was performed and the influence of coefficient variation of rock parameters was discussed.It is shown that the tensile strength plays a much more important role in reliability index than dimensionless parameter,and that small changes occurring in the coefficient of variation would make great influence of reliability index.Thus,significant attention should be paid to the properties of surrounding rock mass and the applied support pressure to maintain the stability of tunnel can be determined for a given reliability index.
文摘The lack of proper maintenance in buildings is responsible for various anomalies, which can cause property and personal damage. The objective of this study is to analyze the maintenance management of the administration building at the Technological Park UFRJ/Brazil, trying to emphasize the relation between maintenance and good performance of the building and to demonstrate the need to develop a consistent maintenance system to achieve an efficient maintenance management. The study allowed to present strategies and possibilities of interventions, in addition to proposing the essential aspects for the development of a structured maintenance system. After reviewing the issue of building maintenance under the various perspectives presented, the importance of planning a preventive building maintenance, according to standards, to achieve the level of performance expected for the building, besides being essential the search for tools and methods that can increase the efficiency of management can be concluded. It is also pertinent to conclude that prevention is the most effective solution against the depreciation factors that affect a building, being the most economical viable, and ensuring other benefits for the building and its users, such as security, property valuation and attendance to the warranty period.
文摘After analysis of the existing problems of traditional RBAC model, user group and resource domain are introduced to conduct finely granular extension of RBAC model. Extended model reduces the redundancy of roles, lowers the complexity of authorization management and enhances the flexibility and maintainability of users＇ authorization. It is well proved in its application in postgraduate student management system.
