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文学公共领域启蒙美育展开前近代欧洲普遍文盲化状况及其缓解
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作者 曾仲权 《美学与艺术评论》 2021年第1期43-59,203-204,共19页
文学公共领域结构转型之前近代欧洲的普遍文盲化状况是哈贝马斯探讨文学公共领域审美交往式启蒙美育展开前的历史文化背景。造成近代欧洲普遍文盲化状况的原因在于生活贫困、教育滞后、拉丁文教育的特权化、欧洲大陆农业生产不发达、17... 文学公共领域结构转型之前近代欧洲的普遍文盲化状况是哈贝马斯探讨文学公共领域审美交往式启蒙美育展开前的历史文化背景。造成近代欧洲普遍文盲化状况的原因在于生活贫困、教育滞后、拉丁文教育的特权化、欧洲大陆农业生产不发达、17世纪三十年战争的灾难性影响。生活窘困、教育匮乏难以造就文学公共领域的合格公众———有产者和受教育者,从而掣肘了文学公共领域的生成。然而大致以18世纪中叶为时间节点,近代欧洲普遍文盲化状况得到"突如其来"的缓解,其原因在于:一是,工业革命推动了社会发展,提升了经济生活水平,造就了中产阶级。二是,伴随着资本主义商业发展,拉丁文教育衰落,俗语教育的兴起。三是,普泛化教育改革的自觉意识,统治者和国家主张开展义务教育与普及教育,大众教育成为共识,大学和学校增多,教师待遇提升,教师素养提高。四是,农业革命带来生活水平提升,粮食增产,生活经济条件改善,对教育投入加大,入学率提升。五是,古腾堡印刷术在19世纪初得到更新和发展,印刷效率显著提高。六是,随着启蒙运动深化,科学、理性的观念深入人心,人们热衷于学习科学知识,出现了科学大众化浪潮。七是,文学公共领域的审美交往式启蒙美育所发挥的至关重要的作用。 展开更多
关键词 哈贝马斯 文学公共领域 审美交往式美育 启蒙美育 普遍文盲化状况 缓解原因
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A Case Study of the English Teachers' Burnout in a Medical University in China 被引量:2
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作者 李顺英 《Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics》 2015年第2期234-245,247,共13页
Many College English teachers complain about work stress. To learn about the actual burnout situation and to seek intervention, a questionnaire survey and written interviews were conducted in a medical university in C... Many College English teachers complain about work stress. To learn about the actual burnout situation and to seek intervention, a questionnaire survey and written interviews were conducted in a medical university in China. The results of the survey suggest that 29.73% of the participants experienced burnout. No significant differences were found in the aspects of the gender and educational background. However, older teachers experienced significantly more intense reduced personal accomplishment while more-experienced teachers reported significantly more intense depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Similarly, participants with higher professional titles experienced much more intense depersonalization. Meanwhile, the results of the interviews indicate four causes of burnout: factors related to the job, students, management and teacher development. Internal and external moderations are categorized as the burnout reducers. As for intervention, teachers and the organization should work together to reduce the burnout syndrome. 展开更多
关键词 College English teachers' burnout causes of burnout burnout reducers INTERVENTION case study
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