“记言”“编言”与“撰言”——早期语类文献生成及文体嬗变述略

早期语类文献的出现缘于重言风尚,存在“记言”“编言”“撰言”三种生成方式。从发生角度来看,这三种方式以“记言”为最早,其次“编言”,再次“撰言”。然而,就早期语类文献生成而言,三者可以是独立的,也可以混融,而混融的情形则更为常见。从文体的角度来看,语类文献载录的主要是人物言论,可早期语类文献尽管以记言为其根本特征,但同时还包含其他因素。作为一种文类,早期语类文献其实有着多元的次生文体,不仅存在篇章意义上的格言体、对话体、事语体、专论体,而且还存在专书意义上的国别体、语录体、纪传体、世说体。这些次生文体的形成,与“编言”行为密切相关;正是不同的“编言”样式,导致不同次生语体的生成。因此,只有将“记言”与“编言”“撰言”紧密结合起来,才能比较好地揭示、解释早期语类文献的生成与文体特征。

An analysis method of topological relations between Snort rules

It is difficult to knowall the relations between Snort rules. To deal with this problem, the topological relations between Snort rules are classified based on the set theory, and a method for calculating the topological relations between Snort rules is proposed. In the existing methods for analyzing the relations of Snort rules, the relations are usually determined only according to the header information of the Snort rules. Without considering the actions of Snort rules, the proposed method improves upon the existing methods and it can classify and calculate the topological relations between Snort rules according to both headers and options information of Snort rules. In addition, the proposed method is implemented by the functional language Haskell. The experimental results showthat the topological relations between Snort rules can be calculated rapidly and effectively. The proposed method also provides an important basis for conflict detection in the succeeding Snort rules.

The Key Techniques of VHDL Parser's Automatic Generation

VHDL and its supporting environment are active domain in the field of logic design.In the paper the design principle and some key techniques to solve the problems on the implementation of the VHDL parser are introduced. According to the methods discussed in the paper, the VHDL parser based on VHDL IEEE 1076 standard version is implemented and a series of strict tests are done. This VHDL parser is front-end tool of the VHDL high level synthesis and mixed level simulation system developed by the Research Center of ASIC of BIT.

Typed formal model for WS-CDL specification of web services composition

In order to formally reason and verify web services composition described by web services choreography specification WS-CDL,a typed formal model named typed Abstract WS-CDL（web services choreography description language）for WS-CDL specifications is proposed.In typed Abstract WS-CDL,the syntax of type and session,typing rules and operational semantics are formalized;the collaborations of web services are formally described by sessions;the operational semantics of a session can help to formally reason the execution of the choreography;the typing rules can help to formally check the data type consistency of exchanged information between web services and capture run-time errors due to type mismatches.Particularly,the concepts of type assumption set extension and type assumption set compatibility are proposed,and the merging algorithm of type assumption sets is defined so as to eliminate type assumption conflict.Based on the formal model,typed mapping rules for mapping web services choreography to orchestration is also defined.With the typed mapping rules,orchestration stubs and their type assumption sets can be generated from a given choreography; thus, web services composition can be verified at choreography and orchestration levels,respectively.The model is proved to have properties of type safety,and how the model can help to reason and verify web services composition is illustrated through a case study.

A simple approach for building transliteration editors for Indian languages

Transliteration editors are essential for keying-in Indian language scripts into the computer using QWERTY keyboard. Applications of transliteration editors in the context of Universal Digital Library (UDL) include entry of meta-data and diction- aries for Indian languages. In this paper we propose a simple approach for building transliteration editors for Indian languages using Unicode and by taking advantage of its rendering engine. We demonstrate the usefulness of the Unicode based approach to build transliteration editors for Indian languages, and report its advantages needing little maintenance and few entries in the mapping table, and ease of adding new features such as adding letters, to the transliteration scheme. We demonstrate the trans- literation editor for 9 Indian languages and also explain how this approach can be adapted for Arabic scripts.

SVM with discriminative dynamic time alignment

In the past several years, support vector machines （SVM） have achieved a huge success in many fields, especially in pattern recognition. But the standard SVM cannot deal with length-variable vectors, which is one severe obstacle for its applications to some important areas, such as speech recognition and part-of-speech tagging. The paper proposed a novel SVM with discriminative dynamic time alignment （ DDTA - SVM） to solve this problem. When training DDTA - SVM classifier, according to the category information of the training sampies, different time alignment strategies were adopted to manipulate them in the kernel functions, which contributed to great improvement for training speed and generalization capability of the classifier. Since the alignment operator was embedded in kernel functions, the training algorithms of standard SVM were still compatible in DDTA- SVM. In order to increase the reliability of the classification, a new classification algorithm was suggested. The preliminary experimental results on Chinese confusable syllables speech classification task show that DDTA- SVM obtains faster convergence speed and better classification performance than dynamic time alignment kernel SVM （ DTAK - SVM）. Moreover, DDTA - SVM also gives higher classification precision compared to the conventional HMM. This proves that the proposed method is effective, especially for confusable length - variable pattern classification tasks

An Introduction to An English-Chinese Dictionary and A Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary Views on the Language and Society in Canton Area From Two Unpublished Official Collative Dictionaries Compiled in the 18th Century

An English-Chinese Dictionary （ 咭唎国译语, Ying Ji Li Guo Yi Yii） and A Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary （播时都噶礼雅话, Bo Lti Duo Ga Li Ya Hua） are reckoned as the coUative dictionaries compiled by the Office of Interpreters and Translators （会同四译馆, Hui Tong Si Yi Guan） in Qianlong time （1748）, Qing dynasty. There is only one original manuscript of these books gathered and preserved by the Palace Museum. In the present paper, we intent to introduce the significant value and detailed information of these two official collative dictionaries from social background, process of compilation, and stylistic basis of the book. Meanwhile, we will primarily work out the phonetic principles between Canton dialect and foreign languages also indicate the dialect characteristics after clarifying the faults and errors. The present paper may supply with a rudimentary knowing and resource to the realm of ＂Canton English＂ and ＂Canton Portuguese＂, even to the social status and Chinese dialect in Canton area for certain period. Detailed and specific research, especially for A Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary, still lies for future discovery.

Research on Mechanical Product Development based on CAD Software

This paper introduces analysis the development process of CAD technology, application of the AutoCAD software in engineering field and teaching as well as the significance of the development of two times the. This paper analyzes in detail the development of common language, and the use of Visual BASIC development and application of software based on AutoCAD. The author elaborates the software interlace design and method calls AutoCAD in VB. Finally, the design and implementation of a programming language re-development system based on AutoCAD is concerned. The test results show that the developed AutoCAD two development system has good practical value.

A Functional-Structural Model of Rice Seedling Coupled with Nitrogen Metabolism

With the ability of representing the association and inner-feedback between plant morphological structure and physiological functions, functional-structural plant modeling （FSPM） approach has been used in many works, trying to better understand the mechanisms of integrating plant functions and its structure, and their communication with environmental factors. To do so, an FSPM of rice seedling was developed in this study, including structural morphogenetic model, photosynthetic model and biomass partitioning module. It can thus describe the developmental course of the rice structure dynamically based on the processes of biomass producing and partitioning. Furthermore, the processes of nitrogen metabolism, which influence the N content and growth dynamics of the virtual rice, were also considered. The model was developed with L-system on a platform established with Java programming language, which took over the parsing and visualization of the L-system strings to 3D objects using Java 3D extended library. The physiological processes in the model can be modified and further improved to gradually meet the needs for modeling the whole life cycle of rice, e.g., considering the respiration, and interaction with other environmental factors like CO2, temperature, etc.. The model was developed to provide a platform to systematically study and understand how plant systems like rice seedling work. The model and the virtualization platform can be expanded to provide decision support on N fertilizer application for the rice seedling and the other crops.

The Generation of Typical Meteorological Year and Climatic Database of Turkey for the Energy Analysis of Buildings

For sustainable development, a reduction in energy demand is essential. This could be achieved through improving energy efficiency, effective energy conservation and management. The weather conditions of a given region are the most important consideration for the proper design of space AC （Air Conditioning） systems. In this study, the typical meteorological year and climatic database of Turkey for the energy analysis of buildings were generated by SQL （Structured Query Language） database programmimg language. The Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method was applied to analyze the hourly measured weather data of a 23-year period （1989-2012） and select representative TMMs （Typical Meteorological Months）. The selection criteria were based on 13 meteorological parameters. These parameters are the daily mean, maximum and minimum values and ranges of temperature, dew-point and wind velocity and the daily values of global solar radiation. According to results of TMY （Typical Meteorological Year）, climatic database of Turkey including daily or hourly climate variables was created in SQL data tables.

Tools to make C programs safe: a deeper study

The C programming language is expressive and flexible, but not safe; as its expressive power and flexibility are obtained through unsafe language features, and improper use of these features can lead to program bugs whose causes are hard to identify. Since C is widely used, and it is impractical to rewrite all existing C programs in safe languages, so ways must be found to make C programs safe. This paper deals with the unsafe features of C and presents a survey on existing solutions to make C pro- grams safe. We have studied binary-level instrumentation tools, source checkers, source-level instrumentation tools and safe dialects of C, and present a comparison of different solutions, summarized the strengths and weaknesses of different classes of solutions, and show measures that could possibly improve the accuracy or alleviate the overhead of existing solutions.

Automatic Software Install/Update for Embedded Linux

Linux has a special feature of automount in the Linux kernel. Filesystem can be mounted and unmounted automatically. Its performance is similar to MS Windows. It works well under demands of more saving resources and automatization, like memory of system. An approach to install/update software automatically on embedded platform was proposed. This approach derives from above feature based on embedded environment with Linux OS. Configurations of files related to this feature were introduced. An example in practice was given to realize this approach from universal serial bus (USB) memory disk when USB disk is available.

RICB： Integer Overflow Vulnerability Dynamic Analysis via Buffer Overflow

Integer overflow vulnerability will cause buffer overflow. The research on the relationship between them will help us to detect integer overflow vulnerability. We present a dynamic analysis methods RICB （Run-time Integer Checking via Buffer overflow）. Our approach includes decompile execute file to assembly language; debug the execute file step into and step out; locate the overflow points and checking buffer overflow caused by integer overflow. We have implemented our approach in three buffer overflow types： format string overflow, stack overflow and heap overflow. Experiments results show that our approach is effective and efficient. We have detected more than 5 known integer overflow vulnerabilities via buffer overflow.

A parallel-pipelining software process model

Software process is a framework for effective and timely delivery of software system. The framework plays a crucial role for software success. However, the development of large-scale software still faces the crisis of high risks, low quality, high costs and long cycle time. This paper proposed a three-phase parallel-pipelining software process model for improving speed and productivity, and reducing software costs and risks without sacrificing software quality. In this model, two strategies were presented. One strategy, based on subsystem-cost priority, was used to prevent software development cost wasting and to reduce software complexity as well; the other strategy, used for balancing subsystem complexity, was designed to reduce the software complexity in the later development stages. Moreover, the proposed function-detailed and workload-simplified subsystem pipelining software process model presents much higher parallelity than the concurrent incremental model. Finally, the component-based product line technology not only ensures software quality and further reduces cycle time, software costs, and software risks but also sufficiently and rationally utilizes previous software product resources and enhances the competition ability of software development organizations.

Geospacial information utilized under the access control strategy

This paper introduces a solution to the secure requirement for digital rights management （DRM） by the way of geospacial access control named geospacial access control （GeoAC） in geospacial field. The issues of authorization for geospacial DRM are concentrated on. To geospacial DRM, one aspect is the declaration and enforcement of access rights, based on geographic aspects. To the approbation of digital geographic content, it is important to adopt online access to geodata through a special data infrastructure （SDI）. This results in the interoperability requirements on three different levels： data model level, service level and access control level. The interaction between the data model and service level can be obtained by criterions of the open geospacial consortium （OGC）, and the interaction of the access control level may be reached by declaring and enforcing access restrictions in GeoAC. Then an archetype enforcement based on GeoAC is elucidated. As one aspect of performing usage rights, the execution of access restrictions as an extension to a regular SDI is illuminated.

Exploring the Usefulness of Extensible Business Reporting Language （XBRL） for Reporting Intellectual Capital （IC）： Evidence From Italian Preparers

Intellectual capital disclosure （ICD） has experienced a substantial increase in recent decades and many frameworks and guidelines have been issued to provide directions with regard to what constitutes ＂good＂ ICD. Companies can use Extensible Business Reporting Language （XBRL） to ＂build＂ their own intellectual capital （IC） reports. This digital format has both technical and operating characteristics suitable for reporting non-financial information. This paper reports the findings of a survey of the views of 37 Italian preparers on the scope, the taxonomy, and the assurance of IC reporting via XBRL. It was found that respondents favor the adoption of an IC reporting framework and the standardization of IC indicators. Preferences reveal uncertainty about the level of flexibility for tagging IC information, while supporting the main benefits of XBRL and indicating a marked inclination for tagged information certified by an independent audit. Overall, despite a low awareness of XBRL, the importance placed on standardization of IC information and on the usefulness of the comparability and the speed attribute of XBRL supports the appealing features of this language for developing IC reporting.

The Design and Implementation of Virtual Physics Experiment System based on VB Programming

This paper used the virtual reality modeling language （VRML） to establish the 3D virtual experiment instrument model, and by using the visual programming language VB to design and develop a interactive virtual realization experiment platform, the interface has friendly interface, stable operation, strong practicability like with the Windows style, is a kind of reform for the traditional physics experiment teaching mode. The system has practical use value, also has reference value for the reform and modernization of other experimental courses.

TransJ： An Abstract Independent-Framework for Weaving Crosscutting Concern into Distributed Transactions

Implementing crosscutting concerns for transactions is difficult, even using aspect-oriented programming languages such as AspectJ. Many of these challenges arise because the context of a transaction-related crosscutting concern consists of loosely-coupled abstractions like dynamically-generated identifiers, timestamps, and tentative value sets of distributed resources. Current aspect-oriented programming languages do not provide joinpoints and pointcuts for weaving advice into high-level abstractions or contexts, like transaction contexts. To address these problems, we propose an extension to AspectJ framework, called TransJ, that allows developers to define pointcuts in terms of transaction abstractions and that automatically keeps track of context information for transactions. This paper describes TransJ as an abstract independent framework for weaving crosscutting concerns into high-level runtime abstractions, with which developers can implement transaction-related crosscutting concerns in modular, cohesive and loosely coupled transaction-aware aspects. Finally, this paper presents eight different ways in which TransJ can improve the reuse with preserving the performance of applications requiring transactions. Informally, these hypotheses are that TransJ yields （1） better encapsulation and separation of concern; （2） looser coupling and less scattering; （3） higher cohesion and less tangling; （4） reduces complexity; （5） improves obliviousness; （6） preserves efficiency; （7） improves extensibility; and （8） hastens the productivity. A brief discussion of experiment to test the hypotheses is provided, but the details of the experiment are left for another paper.

URI Online Judge： A New Interactive Learning Approach

The URI online judge is a new online tool created with the main purpose of making programming practice more dynamic, interesting and stimulating for those who have just entered into the art of programming. The URI online judge allows problem corrections in real time, interactivity between users, besides it allows flexibility in the choice of the programming language and it makes some supporting materials available. During the short time in which the tool has being used we have observed that it is a very good tool for self-study. As users of programming portals, the authors noticed some details that would be important to be implemented in a new tool, such as the separation of problems by categories. Another fundamental detail is the fact that this tool is available in two languages （Portuguese and English）. This might facilitate the learning process for beginners, both locally and globally.

Spatial Data Process Using Python Script and Visual Programming Language in ArcGIS

Data are limitless. But those are usually not formed or created in our needs. Most of data providers deliver their data in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which is compatible with ArcGIS, the most widely used GIS （Geographic Information System） software in GIS sector. However, those table data contain much unnecessary information that do not need for a certain project. Using the raw data can increase processing times and reduce performance of geoprocessing tools. This study shows steps of how the raw data are being processed using ArcGIS ModelBuilder and Python script.