代用与省略——论历史句法中的缩约方式

本文以两种同经异译为例,讨论汉语历史句法中的缩约方式。缩约作为一种经济的句法手段,主要采用“代用和“省略”两种方式,代用有“数字概括”和“代词指代”,省略则有“简单省略”和“复杂省略”。历史句法中的伸缩变换值得深入研究,但这种动态现象无法通过内省感知,同经异译材料或许可以稍稍弥补这一缺憾。

英语to缩约现象理论初探

针对英语的to缩约现象进行的初步探讨 ,认为最简方案的有关最新理论 ,即霍恩斯坦 (1999)关于控制可简化为提升的理论以及拉斯尼克 (1999)有关A移位不留下语迹的观点 ,可以清楚地解释缩约现象 ,而贾格利的理论和马拉尼的表象方法在研究缩约方面存在不足。目前的推导方法能够更深入地对缩约现象进行说明。

关于日语“缩约形”的研究

日语"缩约形"是在非正式场合下进行语言交流中不可缺少的重要环节,而其约音规则又比较复杂。拟通过对日语语韵学"缩约形"的分析、研究,找出了"缩约形"的变化规律。

非等量比较结构中的缩约

许多著名语法家，如夸克、利奇，对非等量比较结构的句法特征和语义特征，有不同的论述，争议颇多。本文试图论述缩约这一语法原则在非等量比较结构中运用后产生的不同缩约类型，并根据缩约的还原性特点分析其句法结构及非等量比较结构中的否定现象。

小议“缩约否定”

缩约否定一般指功能词之后加 n t(其中I am 没有相应的缩约形式,而且 mayn t 和shan t 在现代英语中实际上不采用)。本文拟从语义和使用场合两方面探讨缩约否定。一、语义1.就语义而言,疑问句中的缩约否定往往并不表示疑问,而是表达一种语气强烈的判断,是一种强式陈述,多带有强烈的感情色彩。例:Haven t you had your breakfast

语言中“缩约”现象与语言交际中的“经济原则”

缩约一直被视为一种语法原则而受到研究。缩约现象普遍存在于多种语言中。本文着重从思维、修辞、信息传递等角度，联系语言使用环境，提出语言交际遵循的经济原则（PrincipleofEconomy）并对其在实际中的应用作了初步的探讨。

普通话自然言谈中的缩约现象及其影响因素

缩约(contraction)现象指语流中音节或音素数量的减少。研究缩约有助于验证历时音变假设、预测未来语音变化,加深对语音感知的理解,提高对话语音合成的自然度。目前普通话自然言谈的缩约研究较为缺乏,音系因素如何影响缩约还有待探究。本研究细致分析了普通话语流缩约的音系和言谈表现。首先根据两段各十分钟的自然会话分别考察音系特征对普通话及台湾地区“国语”缩约的影响。然后通过设计语料验证声母缩约的人际稳定性。结果表明,音系特征对普通话及台湾地区“国语”的影响不尽相同。普通话及台湾地区“国语”中的开音节都更容易被缩约、送气清声母音节都更不易被缩约,但普通话零声母音节无缩约倾向且整体缩约比例更低。声母缩约具有一定的跨语言共性:舌根音和舌尖音较易被缩约,双唇音较难被缩约。

关于日语缩约形表达的研究——从日语为母语者的评价和学习者的习得现状分析

本文以缩约形表达为对象,调查了(1)以日语为母语者如何评价学习者使用缩约形;(2)学习者实际使用缩约形的情况。从调查(1)的结果发现,在朋友之间的会话中,高级日语学习者使用缩约形要比使用原形得到的评价高。而调查(2)的结果却表明,学习者即使日语水平整体达到了高级,对缩约形也远远达不到能自由运用的程度。基于以上结果,作者建议日语教学中应考虑学习者的水平,分阶段在课堂上对缩约形进行明确的指导。

日本語母語話者の縮約形の使用実態

本文以日语的缩约形为对象,调查日语为母语者在日常会话中使用缩约形的频度、以及使用缩约形时都受到哪些因素的影响与制约。为此,本文首先利用大规模的会话数据库进行了调查,结果证实,日语为母语者使用缩约形的频度极高,而且缩约形在所有会话中的使用频度远高于原形。接下来,本文又以口头完成会话的方式采集了一组诱导型数据,发现虽然整体上看,日语为母语者在非正式场合的会话中使用缩约形的频度要高于原形,但同时他们根据对方的身份以及与自己关系的远近,有意识地区分使用缩约形与原形。通过调查未发现日语缩约形的使用上存在明显的性别差别。

省力原则与英语语音

英语语音和省力原则密切相关。通过对和省力原则相关的一些语音现象,如省音、缩约、不完全爆破、弱读、连读和同化等进行探讨,以帮助英语学习者把英语说得更轻松,更流利,更自然。

小议英语反意疑问句中主语省略问题

正式语体中，反意疑问句中主语省略是很常见的现象。然而国内出版的语法书均未探讨这一现象。通过实例分析来探讨这一现象，推导出制约主语省略的两条规则并作省略的标准对规则进行检验，证明推导过程及推导规则的正确性。

Low-frequency data analysis and expansion

The use of low-frequency seismic data improves the seismic resolution, and the imaging and inversion quality. Furthermore, low-frequency data are applied in hydrocarbon exploration; thus, we need to better use low-frequency data. In seismic wavelets, the loss of low-frequency data decreases the main lobe amplitude and increases the first side lobe amplitude and results in the periodic shocking attenuation of the secondary side lobe. The loss of low frequencies likely produces pseudo-events and the false appearance of higher resolution. We use models to examine the removal of low-frequency data in seismic data processing. The results suggest that the removal of low frequencies create distortions, especially for steep structures and thin layers. We also perform low-frequency expansion using compressed sensing and sparse constraints and develop the corresponding module. Finally, we apply the proposed method to real common image point gathers with good results.

Compressed sensing estimation of sparse underwater acoustic channels with a large time delay spread

The estimation of sparse underwater acoustic channels with a large time delay spread is investigated under the framework of compressed sensing. For these types of channels, the excessively long impulse response will significantly degrade the convergence rate and tracking capability of the traditional estimation algorithms such as least squares （LS）, while excluding the use of the delay-Doppler spread function due to huge computational complexity. By constructing a Toeplitz matrix with a training sequence as the measurement matrix, the estimation problem of long sparse acoustic channels is formulated into a compressed sensing problem to facilitate the efficient exploitation of sparsity. Furthermore, unlike the traditional l1 norm or exponent-based approximation l0 norm sparse recovery strategy, a novel variant of approximate l0 norm called AL0 is proposed, minimization of which leads to the derivation of a hybrid approach by iteratively projecting the steepest descent solution to the feasible set. Numerical simulations as well as sea trial experiments are compared and analyzed to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.

蒙古语的词末舌尖鼻辅音

文章认为，现代蒙古语里，词末位置上出现两种舌尖鼻辅音。１）音位ｎ：它有双重性特征，即，依附性——常常依附在其前面的元音，使其半鼻化，此为“ｎ的缩约”；独立性——适应形态变化和后续语音状况，完全脱离开元音而复原为辅音ｎ。２）有破裂的（有除阻的）ｎ：用符号ｎ〉表示，此辅音是历史发展中形成的新的音位，也是一种语音缩约现象，来自词末的“ｎ＋Ｖ（非ｉ）”。它与闭合音ｎ音位有明显区别。分立性是它的重要特征——不使前面元音鼻化，不与后续词首音（ｂ、ｍ、ｇ）发生同化。在词腰也能分立。多音节词词末的ｎ〉常与变体ｎ间相交替。

WH-词移位现实性探究

WH-词移位是句法操作的重要手段之一。本文以Wanna缩约词用法和约束理论为出发点,探讨WH-词移位在英语和汉语中的现实存在性。

Zero-Point Energy and Fluctuation in a Field-Josephson Junction-Coupled System

To investigate the interaction of a mesoscopic Josephson junction with a single mode quantized electromagnetic field, the diagnonalizing process of the coupled system Hamiltonian was performed by using an unitary transformation. Zero? point energy and zero? point fluctuation of the coupled system were shown. For the ground state of the coupled system, the quantum fluctuations of the flux and charge operators in the field and junction subsystems can exhibit smaller quantum noise than the zero point fluctuations of the individual subsystems. Thus, when the coupled system is in its lowest energy state, which means that no radiation appear, the two subsystems exhibit nonclassical behavior.

Unified bearing capacity model of confined concrete column subjected to axial compression

To better study the behavior of confined concrete, this paper presents the basic hypothesis of uhimate equilibrium of confined concrete and the unified yield criteria of confining material. Based on the static equilibrium condition and yield criteria of components, a unified bearing capacity model of confined concrete column is proposed, and a simplified calculating equation of the model is also given. The model captures the character of confined concrete column. Effects of the confinement effect ratio, the lateral confinement ratio, unconfined concrete strength and the properties of confining material on the bearing capacity of confined concrete column are carefully considered. The model may be applicable to the calculation of bearing capacity of steel-confined concrete, concrete filled steel tube and FRP-confined concrete. The predictions of the model agree well with test data.

谈谈英语中几种常用的句子转换方法

教师在英语教学过程中和学生在学习英语过程中都经常会遇到句子转换这类问题,因此,句子转换是一种行之有效的教学方法和解题方法。教师和学生们常常通过使用句子转换来化简难句、释译和理解句子,从而揭示存在于同义句型之间的互换关系。由此可见,学会、学好句子转换对英语语言的掌握和应用帮助很大,它已成为英语教学和学习中不可缺少的一部分。通过句子转换练习,可以迅速地扩大词汇量,熟悉句型,提高同义表达能力。

Multiple wave prediction and suppression based on LO-norm sparsity constraint

Multiple wave is one of the important factors affecting the signal-to-noise ratio of marine seismic data.The model-driven-method(MDM)can effectively predict and suppress water-related multiple waves,while the quality of the multiple wave contribution gathers(MCG)can affect the prediction accuracy of multiple waves.Based on the compressed sensing framework,this study used the sparse constraint under LO norm to optimize MCG,which can not only reduce the false in the prediction and improve the image accuracy,but also saves computing time.At the same time,the MDM-type method for multiple wave suppression can be improved.The unified prediction of multiple types of water-related multiple waves weakens the dependence of conventional MDM on the adaptive subtraction process in suppressing water-related multiple waves,improves the stability of the method,and simultaneously,reduces the computational load.Finally,both theoretical model and practical data prove the effectiveness of the present method.

Quantum Fluctuation Properties in Mesoscopic Josephson Junction

An effective bosonic Hamiltonian describing the interaction of a mesoscopic Josephson junction with a quantized radiation field is studied. It is shown that when the field is initially in a coherent state and the junction initially in its lowest energy level state, the state of the coupled field-mesoscopic Josephson junction system can evolve to a squeezed state. A detailed analysis about the quantum fluctuation of the coupled system is given.