长江的需沙量研究

河流泥沙管理必须同时考虑河流的产沙量和需沙量。本文从河床演变、河口平衡和人类活动三个方面研究长江的需沙量。长江的需沙量主要包括:1)长江中下游向着最小能耗平衡纵剖面的河床演变所需的泥沙;2)人工采沙量;3)长江口造陆所需泥沙。长江中下游河道横向摆动受到两岸堤防约束,河床演变主要是纵剖面调整。目前中游远未达到最小能耗的平衡纵剖面,长期发展趋势以淤积为主,因此正常情况下中游以淤积为主。三峡水库蓄水暂时改变了这个演变过程。近20年来长江泥沙逐渐减少,水库蓄水拦沙、河道人工采沙等各种人类活动的影响,加剧了长江输沙量的减小。上海市的发展需要在河口创造大片新生陆地,需要大量的泥沙。长江中下游汛期的泥沙主要为冲泻质,非汛期主要为床沙质,输送到河口的泥沙只有大约90%的较粗泥沙可以用于造陆。河口造陆计划的实现需要长江至少来沙超过3亿t才能维持平衡。目前长江每年的缺沙量约为1亿t。

Long-Term Impact of Extra Sediment on Notches and Incised Meanders in the Hoshe River, Taiwan

The extra sediment load induced by typhoons and rainstorms in the Heshe River, Taiwan, are the principal reason for severe sediment-related disasters. The total sediment load during Typhoon Morakot in 9009 was 31 x lo6 m3, accounting for 95% of the annual sediment discharge. Large amounts of sediment load entered the Hoshe River, causing the braiding index （BI） to increase. Subsequently, the BI became positively correlated with the channel width in the Hoshe River. The specific typhoon and rainstorm events decreased after Typhoon Morakot, the sediment input decreased, inducing the fluvial morphology of the braided river to develop into a meandering river. The extra sediment load induced the deposition depth to increase and produce a headward deposition in the main channel and its tributaries. In addition, the river bend and the topographical notch restrained the sediment from moving downstream and being stored locally, indirectly increasing the erosion density of the river banks from 2.5 to lo.5 times.