A Frameless Network Architecture for the Way Forward of C-RAN

The key technologies involved in the evolution of the Cloud-based Radio Access Network(C-RAN) are discussed in this paper. Taking the Frameless Network Architecture(FNA) as a starting point, a cell-lessbased network topology for a multi-tier Heterogeneous Network(Het Net) and ultra-dense network is proposed. The FNA network topology modeling is researched with centralized processing and distributed antenna deployments. The Antenna Element(AE) is released as a new dimensional radio resource that is included in the centralized Radio Resource Management(RRM) processes. This contributes to the on-demand user-centric serving-set associations with cell-edge effect elimination. The Control Plane(CP) and User Plane(UP) separation and adaptation are introduced for energy efficiency improvements. The centralized RRM and different optimization goals are discussed for fully exploring the merits from the centralized computing of C-RAN. Considering the complexity, near-optimal approaches for specific users' Quality-of-Service(Qo S) requirements are addressed. Finally, based on the research highlighted above, the way forward of C-RAN evolution is discussed.

Integration of Computer Assisted Learning in Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Kenya

The purpose of this study was to establish factors that lead to poor integration of Information and communication technology （ICT） for teaching and learning in schools in Kenya, despite comprehensive policy, institutional, infrastructural frameworks and capacity building by the Ministry of Education. The subject of this study was administered by use of questionnaires in three categories of public schools： national school, provincial schools and district schools. The respondents were students from each level that is from one, two, three and four and teachers based on the most offered subjects in the secondary schools. The computer assisted learning facilities were classified into computers, internet and content in optical media. In national school Internet based research, optical media content provided by Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and Cyber School program for science subjects was used in learning. In provincial school, it lacks adequate computers, reliable Internet and content in optical media. In district school, it lacks adequate computer, no internet connection and content in optical media. A learner management system which can be accessed by all learners by use of any internet access devices like mobile phone access will be an ideal tool with over 4,000,000 mobile phone subscribers currently in Kenya.