科学合作中的网络认识论:科学家的社会交互如何影响认知交互

当下的科学发展已突破了传统认识论对科学发现的定性、静态描述。认识论研究需要重新理解:科学合作与学科交叉中的认知资源和方法如何进行交互,科学家的社会交互如何通过影响认知交互来形成复杂的网络认识论,以及复杂网络中认识论进步的担保机制是什么。基于对科学合作复杂网络中的认识论特征所进行的考察,可以发现多重认识论节点形成了一种超图结构,认知资源与方法的社会交互动态地影响着节点的形成、强弱与演化。科学共同体独特的社会建制和运行机制,使得优化网络认识论时表现出四种张力。从专长交易区和认识论信任出发,可以调整网络张力来取得认识论进步,为集体理性提供担保,并启发科学政策涵养网络认识论中的生态多样性。

Classical Hollywood as an Epistemological Network

Perhaps no other medium has been described, analyzed, and understood in relation to other media as much as film has been. Theatre, photography, and magic provided a framework for understanding the intermediality of film as an exchange between people, objects, and techniques. In what follows the author shall leave aside the peculiarities of these entities, and shall instead regard them as equivalent containers of knowledge--a reduction that resembles Bruno Latour＇s concept of an ontological symmetry of human and non-human actors （Latour, 1996）. The attempt to describe Hollywood around 1930 as an epistemological network raises the questions of how much external knowledge was necessary and how much was digestible to support the development of a relatively young medium like film at that time？ The author shall claim that Hollywood progressively excluded external ＂actors＂ and therefore was forced to establish its own structures in order to compensate this loss or integrate knowledge on its own terms. The factor that most people working in the industry did not have higher or specialized education proved to be favorable for achieving independence. Autonomy here means self-referentiality as opposed to intermediality.

跨越认知价值鸿沟——交叉科学何以深度交叉

交叉科学研究的新颖性与挑战性并存。交叉科学是当下科学研究在目标与组织上的新常态,但是交叉科学如何实现深度交叉,如何汇聚不同学科背景的研究人员对同一个问题进行多角度融合探索,面临着来自科学研究内部的认知结构与外部的社会结构带来的双重挑战,而两者又常常因为跨学科合作形成的网络认识论而交织在一起,给交叉科学的推进带来困难。不同学科所追求的认知价值有差异,交叉科学中的多元目标和认知价值并不能还原到单一学科之中,成功的交叉科学要整合的是专家网络而不是知识网络。