The study of human-environment relationships in mountain areas is important for both theoretical and practical reasons, as many mountain areas suffer similar problems, such as depopulation, unemployment and natural ha...The study of human-environment relationships in mountain areas is important for both theoretical and practical reasons, as many mountain areas suffer similar problems, such as depopulation, unemployment and natural hazards. Medium mountains constitute a special case within mountains, because they are more populated but less attractive as tourist destinations than high mountains. In this context, the Apuseni Mts （Romania） are considered as a ease study. In this paper, we apply GIS-based, quantitative methods to characterize the strength and dynamics of human-environment interactions, taking into consideration some environmental factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance, lithology, land cover, natural attractions） as well as historical population and recent tourism data. We found that population density has strong （r2〉0.8） relationships with all relief factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance）, and that best-fit functions are nonlinear. We outlined the varying demographic scenarios by elevation zones and interpreted the historically switching sign of population change versus elevation relationship. We demonstrated that lithology also has an impact on the spatial distribution of population, although it is not independent from the relief effect. The land cover of the mainly cultural landscape is very strongly correlated with relief parameters （especially slope）, which suggests good adaptation. We pointed out the dominance of karst objects in the natural tourism potential of the Apuseni Mts and also explored further components of real tourism （spas, heritage, towns）. Finally, we concluded that the environmental settings investigated do in fact constrain the spatial framework of society, but soeio-economic changes in history can be explained from the side of society, which conforms to the theory of cultural possibilism.展开更多
By decomposing outgoing Iongwave radiation through empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis, the authors identify two anomalous convective systems in the tropical western Pacific. Besides the classical convectiv...By decomposing outgoing Iongwave radiation through empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis, the authors identify two anomalous convective systems in the tropical western Pacific. Besides the classical convective system near the Philippines （PC）, there is another convective system near the Federated States of Micronesia （MC）. As the first EOF component in this region, the variance explained by MC is higher than that by PC. Both MC and PC are regulated by the tropical sea surface temperature （SST） anomalies. While PC is associated with an El Ni^o event, MC is correlated with SST anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific during summer. It is also found that the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） is influenced by these two convective systems. In general, enhanced （suppressed） convection corresponds to an eastwards （westwards） western Pacific subtropical high with weak （strong） intensity. Besides, the summer monsoon rainfall from the Yangtze River basin to Japan tends to increase （decrease） when PC is suppressed （enhanced）. By comparison, the influence of MC is generally weak, with vague signals in the East Asian continent. Moreover, the influence of suppressed convection on the EASM is more significant than that of enhanced convection.展开更多
The decreasing of the plant available phosphorus of Romanian soils after 1990 is a major concern in relation with the lowered yields of the major crops. This fact is correlated with a rudimentary technology where the ...The decreasing of the plant available phosphorus of Romanian soils after 1990 is a major concern in relation with the lowered yields of the major crops. This fact is correlated with a rudimentary technology where the fertilization is a secondary issue. Thus, the fertilizer consumption, after 1990, has drastically decreased to 41.3 kg/ha NPK on arable land over 129.9 kg/ha in 1986 and from 86.4 kg/ha to 26.3 kg/ha on agricultural land. As a result, the phosphorus fertilizer quantities applied by small farmers are very small or inexistent. In order to determine the soil available phosphorus content in Romania, it was analyzed the evolution of soil phosphorus supplying degree on a cambic chernozem （one of the most fertile soils in Romania） from Agricultural Research and Development Station （ARDS） Caracal between 1986-1992 and 2000-2005. This analysis has shown the following issues： very well supplied soils by available phosphorus no more exist since 2006, the ones with a good supplying degree have decreased from 616 ha to 107 ha, which means from 24.8% to 4.3% yet the low supplied soils have increased from 526 ha to 1,129 ha （23.1% to 45.5%） and the very low supplied ones have increased from 198 ha to 776 ha （7.9% to 31.2%）. As a consequence of low fertilizer quantities and the decreasing of the soil supplying degree by available phosphorus the average yield in this farm has decreased from 5,776 to 3,707 kg/ha.展开更多
Fingerlings of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 mg/L cadmium(as CdCl2), which represent 10%, 20%, and 30% of their previously determined 96-h LC5 0. After exposure for 20 days, s...Fingerlings of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 mg/L cadmium(as CdCl2), which represent 10%, 20%, and 30% of their previously determined 96-h LC5 0. After exposure for 20 days, sections of the liver and intestine of treated fish were examined histologically. Histopathological changes varied from slight to severe structural modification, depending on the exposure concentration. The hepatic tissues of fish exposed to 10% LC 50 showed markedly increased vacuolation of the hepatocytes and coarse granulation of their cytoplasm. Abundant erythrocytic infiltration among the hepatocytes was observed in fish exposed to 20% LC5 0. In the intestinal tissues of fish exposed to all doses, goblet cells proliferated and were greatly increased in size, the longitudinal muscularis mucosa was disturbed and, in the crypts of the sub-mucosal layer, apoptosis increased, indicated by large numbers of degenerated nuclei. Large numbers of inflammatory cells and dilated blood vessels were observed in the intestine of the group treated with 30% LC5 0.展开更多
The present study is intended to be an analysis of the main Romanian legal provision in what concerns the impact of foreign exchange differences and potential consequences at the level of financial statements for comp...The present study is intended to be an analysis of the main Romanian legal provision in what concerns the impact of foreign exchange differences and potential consequences at the level of financial statements for companies. In Romanian legislation, the issue of the foreign exchange differences is treated at a general level： these are recognized as a profit and loss item and as a consequence, they are included in the taxable base when booked in the accounting. Our legislation does not provide for specific treatments depending on the ＇realization momenf＇ of these differences or depending on the conditions for recognizing a gain/loss from foreign exchange differences. For the unrealized exchange differences arising from the application of accounting rules on monthly assessment of foreign currency monetary items, there is not a specific event or transaction to determine income or expenditure. This monthly review depending on the National Bank of Romania [BNR] foreign exchange rate valid on the last day of the month aims to bring closer to reality the financial position of an entity. The exchange rate is a monetary policy item set by the central bank and may be influenced by various factors such as： monetary policy of the BNR; inflation target objectives and rate of exchange stabilization or reduction efforts, as is the case of BNR in the last years to fulfill EU criteria for adoption of the EURO; periodical influences of speculative capitals on the exchange rate level; economic status and especially exports and imports. However, a taxpayer should not be charged unless there is evidence of the ＂economic enrichment＂ thereof. However, this enrichment, seen as a rising economic value of the company, depends on the perspective from which is seen： the owner of the company or the tax authorities. The exchange differences impact also the value of the owners＇ equity for which a minimum level is requested under the commercial company law. In case of negative values, this triggers various risks at the level of the continuity principle or even endangers the existence of the company.展开更多
The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimit...The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimitated by the Eastern Carpathians on the west, the Romanian Plain on the south, the Ukrainian border on the north and the Prut Valley （border with the Republic of Moldavia） on the east. Although the Moldavian Plateau is situated in the driest region of Romania, the majority of the wetlands and of the low discharge rivers is found in this region. The existence of numerous wetlands, respectively small ponds, is influenced by the human activities and the scarcity of water resources. The impermeable clayey substratum favored the occurrence and survival of a large number of wetlands. Most of them are found in the northern Moldavian Plain, and the fewest to the south, in the Covurlui Plateau. The most important wetlands are those developed along the two main rivers draining this territory： Prut and Siret. Unfortunately, Siret River floodplain has been in most of its part protected by means of flood prevention dikes. Consequently, many of the wetlands entered agricultural use.展开更多
In the present study, RAPD technique was used to analyze the geneticrelationship between two cultured populations in china, oreochromis aureus and a niloticus,and the application of this technique in species identific...In the present study, RAPD technique was used to analyze the geneticrelationship between two cultured populations in china, oreochromis aureus and a niloticus,and the application of this technique in species identification was also investigated. Resultsrevealed that no DNA polymorphism was detected within the population of O.aureus andpolymorphism in varying degrees was observed among individuals. Similarity index andgenetic distance calculated have no remakable difference with data reported by others. RAPDanalysis using mixed samples was also tested in this experiment. In addition, someelectrophoregrams of amplification products also suggested the occurrence of geneticintrogression between the two cultured tilapia populations. Conclusively, RAPD technique isa rapid and efficient method for studying genetic polymorphism within and between differentpopulations, and RAPD markers can be used to identify different fish populations.展开更多
基金supported by the Hungarian National Science Foundation,OTKA 104811 projectsupported by the János Bolyai Scolarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
文摘The study of human-environment relationships in mountain areas is important for both theoretical and practical reasons, as many mountain areas suffer similar problems, such as depopulation, unemployment and natural hazards. Medium mountains constitute a special case within mountains, because they are more populated but less attractive as tourist destinations than high mountains. In this context, the Apuseni Mts （Romania） are considered as a ease study. In this paper, we apply GIS-based, quantitative methods to characterize the strength and dynamics of human-environment interactions, taking into consideration some environmental factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance, lithology, land cover, natural attractions） as well as historical population and recent tourism data. We found that population density has strong （r2〉0.8） relationships with all relief factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance）, and that best-fit functions are nonlinear. We outlined the varying demographic scenarios by elevation zones and interpreted the historically switching sign of population change versus elevation relationship. We demonstrated that lithology also has an impact on the spatial distribution of population, although it is not independent from the relief effect. The land cover of the mainly cultural landscape is very strongly correlated with relief parameters （especially slope）, which suggests good adaptation. We pointed out the dominance of karst objects in the natural tourism potential of the Apuseni Mts and also explored further components of real tourism （spas, heritage, towns）. Finally, we concluded that the environmental settings investigated do in fact constrain the spatial framework of society, but soeio-economic changes in history can be explained from the side of society, which conforms to the theory of cultural possibilism.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41475052]
文摘By decomposing outgoing Iongwave radiation through empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis, the authors identify two anomalous convective systems in the tropical western Pacific. Besides the classical convective system near the Philippines （PC）, there is another convective system near the Federated States of Micronesia （MC）. As the first EOF component in this region, the variance explained by MC is higher than that by PC. Both MC and PC are regulated by the tropical sea surface temperature （SST） anomalies. While PC is associated with an El Ni^o event, MC is correlated with SST anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific during summer. It is also found that the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） is influenced by these two convective systems. In general, enhanced （suppressed） convection corresponds to an eastwards （westwards） western Pacific subtropical high with weak （strong） intensity. Besides, the summer monsoon rainfall from the Yangtze River basin to Japan tends to increase （decrease） when PC is suppressed （enhanced）. By comparison, the influence of MC is generally weak, with vague signals in the East Asian continent. Moreover, the influence of suppressed convection on the EASM is more significant than that of enhanced convection.
文摘The decreasing of the plant available phosphorus of Romanian soils after 1990 is a major concern in relation with the lowered yields of the major crops. This fact is correlated with a rudimentary technology where the fertilization is a secondary issue. Thus, the fertilizer consumption, after 1990, has drastically decreased to 41.3 kg/ha NPK on arable land over 129.9 kg/ha in 1986 and from 86.4 kg/ha to 26.3 kg/ha on agricultural land. As a result, the phosphorus fertilizer quantities applied by small farmers are very small or inexistent. In order to determine the soil available phosphorus content in Romania, it was analyzed the evolution of soil phosphorus supplying degree on a cambic chernozem （one of the most fertile soils in Romania） from Agricultural Research and Development Station （ARDS） Caracal between 1986-1992 and 2000-2005. This analysis has shown the following issues： very well supplied soils by available phosphorus no more exist since 2006, the ones with a good supplying degree have decreased from 616 ha to 107 ha, which means from 24.8% to 4.3% yet the low supplied soils have increased from 526 ha to 1,129 ha （23.1% to 45.5%） and the very low supplied ones have increased from 198 ha to 776 ha （7.9% to 31.2%）. As a consequence of low fertilizer quantities and the decreasing of the soil supplying degree by available phosphorus the average yield in this farm has decreased from 5,776 to 3,707 kg/ha.
基金Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University(No.RGP-VPP-304)
文摘Fingerlings of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 mg/L cadmium(as CdCl2), which represent 10%, 20%, and 30% of their previously determined 96-h LC5 0. After exposure for 20 days, sections of the liver and intestine of treated fish were examined histologically. Histopathological changes varied from slight to severe structural modification, depending on the exposure concentration. The hepatic tissues of fish exposed to 10% LC 50 showed markedly increased vacuolation of the hepatocytes and coarse granulation of their cytoplasm. Abundant erythrocytic infiltration among the hepatocytes was observed in fish exposed to 20% LC5 0. In the intestinal tissues of fish exposed to all doses, goblet cells proliferated and were greatly increased in size, the longitudinal muscularis mucosa was disturbed and, in the crypts of the sub-mucosal layer, apoptosis increased, indicated by large numbers of degenerated nuclei. Large numbers of inflammatory cells and dilated blood vessels were observed in the intestine of the group treated with 30% LC5 0.
文摘The present study is intended to be an analysis of the main Romanian legal provision in what concerns the impact of foreign exchange differences and potential consequences at the level of financial statements for companies. In Romanian legislation, the issue of the foreign exchange differences is treated at a general level： these are recognized as a profit and loss item and as a consequence, they are included in the taxable base when booked in the accounting. Our legislation does not provide for specific treatments depending on the ＇realization momenf＇ of these differences or depending on the conditions for recognizing a gain/loss from foreign exchange differences. For the unrealized exchange differences arising from the application of accounting rules on monthly assessment of foreign currency monetary items, there is not a specific event or transaction to determine income or expenditure. This monthly review depending on the National Bank of Romania [BNR] foreign exchange rate valid on the last day of the month aims to bring closer to reality the financial position of an entity. The exchange rate is a monetary policy item set by the central bank and may be influenced by various factors such as： monetary policy of the BNR; inflation target objectives and rate of exchange stabilization or reduction efforts, as is the case of BNR in the last years to fulfill EU criteria for adoption of the EURO; periodical influences of speculative capitals on the exchange rate level; economic status and especially exports and imports. However, a taxpayer should not be charged unless there is evidence of the ＂economic enrichment＂ thereof. However, this enrichment, seen as a rising economic value of the company, depends on the perspective from which is seen： the owner of the company or the tax authorities. The exchange differences impact also the value of the owners＇ equity for which a minimum level is requested under the commercial company law. In case of negative values, this triggers various risks at the level of the continuity principle or even endangers the existence of the company.
文摘The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimitated by the Eastern Carpathians on the west, the Romanian Plain on the south, the Ukrainian border on the north and the Prut Valley （border with the Republic of Moldavia） on the east. Although the Moldavian Plateau is situated in the driest region of Romania, the majority of the wetlands and of the low discharge rivers is found in this region. The existence of numerous wetlands, respectively small ponds, is influenced by the human activities and the scarcity of water resources. The impermeable clayey substratum favored the occurrence and survival of a large number of wetlands. Most of them are found in the northern Moldavian Plain, and the fewest to the south, in the Covurlui Plateau. The most important wetlands are those developed along the two main rivers draining this territory： Prut and Siret. Unfortunately, Siret River floodplain has been in most of its part protected by means of flood prevention dikes. Consequently, many of the wetlands entered agricultural use.
文摘In the present study, RAPD technique was used to analyze the geneticrelationship between two cultured populations in china, oreochromis aureus and a niloticus,and the application of this technique in species identification was also investigated. Resultsrevealed that no DNA polymorphism was detected within the population of O.aureus andpolymorphism in varying degrees was observed among individuals. Similarity index andgenetic distance calculated have no remakable difference with data reported by others. RAPDanalysis using mixed samples was also tested in this experiment. In addition, someelectrophoregrams of amplification products also suggested the occurrence of geneticintrogression between the two cultured tilapia populations. Conclusively, RAPD technique isa rapid and efficient method for studying genetic polymorphism within and between differentpopulations, and RAPD markers can be used to identify different fish populations.
