神圣罗马帝国“多元性”的“意义想象”及其制度表达

古罗马帝国崩溃后的“帝国记忆”成为后世的“帝国想象”及其实践的重要基础,中世纪的神圣罗马帝国因此成为集“神圣性”“罗马性”和“世俗性”于一体的存在。神圣罗马帝国的“神圣性”不仅来源于基督教会和“上帝”,也源于古罗马帝国皇帝本身,还体现为神圣罗马帝国的“世界性”观念。罗马及其所具有的“象征性”是神圣罗马帝国存在的“意义基础”。皇帝卡尔四世于1356年颁布的《金玺诏书》被称为“帝国基本法”,体现出神圣罗马帝国与罗马教会的二元特性,同时以世俗性与宗教性结合在一起,反映出神圣罗马帝国“多元性”的制度现实。1356年《金玺诏书》不仅规定了选侯选举德意志国王的权力和程序,还规定了选侯所享有的其他权力与特权,确立了世俗选侯与教会选侯在各自领地内的统治权,将选侯权力的制度化及教会选侯的优先性结合在一起。在这种“多元性”的结合中,1356年《金玺诏书》实现了神圣罗马帝国权力的契约化,是帝国的政治向“共识政治”发展的重要基础。

“德国斗牛士”与法国哲学——从民族语言角度谈“法国哲学”的身份

在海德格尔眼里,现代哲学的危机很大程度上源于一种“哲学的罗马性”,即哲学由于继承了罗马-拉丁文化而遗忘了希腊这个真正的起源而误入了歧途。海氏认为哲学从根本上与言说它的语言本质关联,且只有德语与希腊语具有内在亲缘性,因而德国哲学将独享思想的荣耀。那么据此,对于20世纪辉煌的法国哲学来说,“法国哲学”这个称谓还有意义吗?它还有其身份和合法性吗?本文通过对欧洲各民族语言源流的考察以及对语言与思想之间的某些关系的探讨指出:1.从语言学史角度上看,德语在起源上并不比法语以及其他拉丁语族更接近希腊语;2.单纯通过追溯起源来回归希腊思想在哲学上是一种虚假的乡愁;3.语言本身并不能穷尽思,从而没有哪种民族语言可以独享哲学的特权;4.而法语作为一种民族语言,其本身在言说思想的同时比其他语言更注重一种“讲述的文学性”,从而与思想本身形成了一种强大的张力和互动关系,从而使法国哲学显现出强大的创造力,并由此奠定了“法语哲学”之区别于德语哲学以及其他民族语言哲学的明显特征和身份。

Microbiological Quality of Traditional Romanian Cheeses from the Rucar-Bran Pass and its Surrounding Regions

The traditional products＇ quality is often recognized based on organoleptic characteristics without considering the microbiological features, which bring a special note to these products＇ composition and aroma. It is especially the case of cheeses, whose taste varies from one geographical region to another depending on specific flora and technological processes used in traditional systems. The paper tries to bring new elements on the methodology used in order to elucidate some aspects related to traditional products＇ quality, products obtained by private producers in the Bra^ov district （Rucar-Bran pass）. Covasna district and Bistrita Nasaud district were analyzed organoleptically, physico-chemically and microbiologically samples of fresh cow cheese, soft cow cheese, smoked curd cheese, gaiter cheese and cottage cheese taken within the strategic and self-control program from individuals in the rural areas of Fundata, Poiana Sibiului, Sirnea, Pfirliu, Cristian, Cincaor, Sohodol, Ranov, Brarov, Bod, Roadea, Harnan, Prejmer, Soars, Rupea, Lunca Calnicului, Balanii, Mari, Bran, Buzaiel, Bacut, H~.lchiu, Fagraa, Moeciu de Sus, Purcaareni, Bran-Simon, Venelia de Jos, Vama Buzatului, lntorsura Buzaului, Vatrghia and Sita Buzaului.

When Two Sisters Jointly.Ruled an Empire

This study will examine the ascent of two women as emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire within the context of constructivism and feminist international relations theory. Constructivism emphasizes ideas, such as the content of language and social discourse, over institutions or power. Feminism critiques international relations as a male-centered and dominated discipline. This paper addresses important issues. The first issue is a better understanding of the ascent of two women as Chief Executives of a patriarchal system. The second issue is to increase understanding of how gender is constructed and functions in social, cultural, historical, and institutional contexts, particularly as they intersect with political leadership roles. The thesis of this study is that class, political ambition, and political adroitness are more important than gender and social construction in determining the rise of women to high political office. The work implies that women at the higher end of the social stratum have a significant advantage over men and women at the lower end of the social stratum.

从《裘力斯·凯撒》看罗马英雄的道德观

莎士比亚在《裘力斯·凯撒》中展现了一个正处于共和制向君主制转变的罗马以及活动于其中的罗马英雄。勃鲁托斯是共和美德坚定的捍卫者,他凭借美德取得了领导的地位,却也因对美德的过分执着而走向毁灭;凯歇斯是叛乱中的阴谋家,他时刻关注个人利益,但也因此对美德望而却步;凯撒是莎士比亚心目中理想君主的代表,他试图通过建立新罗马以赢得永恒的荣誉,凯撒精神在他死后被释放出来,成就了他的永恒。动荡的时代造就了杰出的英雄,他们从各自的道德观出发采取行动,体现出强烈的"罗马性"。