人际参考：个体道德态度转变的重要因素

个体不良道德态度的转变是道德治理的落脚点。在道德态度转变过程中,人际交往中的参考者作为客观因素起重要作用。个体态度实际上受到参考者对道德事件的态度和个体对参考者态度的影响,道德态度转变是个体寻求三者态度综合平衡的过程。教育者、道德榜样、反面典型都是个体道德态度转变的参考者,同时,各级各类社会群体是大的参考者。个体在群体中的道德态度是群体成员相互作用的产物,其改变受多种心理效应的复杂影响,形成一种"群体场压力"。从个体所在群体本身的特征入手促进个体道德态度的转变是道德治理的有效途径。

Investigating Social Presence in Audio and Text Online Interaction for Language Learning

This study aimed at comparing the level of social presence generated in a voice-based chat room and a text-based forum when learners tried to build personal relationships and form an online community for learning on an online language course in China. A mixed-method approach was taken for the study, drawing on data from questionnaires to find out about student perception of social presence, and postings of text messages and audio messages in the communication of the student learning process to search for students’ projected social presence in terms of affective, interactive and cohesive features. Interviews were also conducted to supplement additional information with the hope of forming a complete picture of social presence in the reality of an online learning environment. The text-based forum and the voice-based chat room were found to have a different impact on student social presence. In terms of student perception, most of them were more likely to get to know peers in the text-based forum and thus developed a sense of community in their learning process of the online course. Yet they believed that the voice-based chat room had the advantage of helping them with course learning. In the actual interaction, the voice-based chat room was more interactive although the text-based forum was more affective and cohesive. But in terms of the affective category, the problem with the existing framework in literature was that there were no prosodic features included. Therefore, in future more research is needed to probe for the relationship between prosodic sound features and social presence, and the present theoretic framework must be extended. In interviews, students explained that in the voice-based chat room prosodic features led to higher peer awareness, which further reinforced this need.

The Effect of Childhood Obesity on Social Welfare

The young generation is the most influenced and vulnerable segment of the market. Food with high level of fat, sugar and/or salt are popularised for this segment. At the same time nearly seven people die of obesity or from complications of obesity in Hungary each hour-one every nine minutes. Approximately 119 million Americans, or 64.5%, of adult Americans are either overweight or obese. 17.5 million obese young person live in the European Union. The result is the drastic elevation of the hygienic expenses. The average health care cost of overweight persons is higher by 42% than normal bodyweight ones. Per capita spending on fast foods is unbelievable and rising. The value of average spending was 2.5 E in 2002. Fast food sales continue to boom despite warnings about obesity. The consumption of these products can contribute to the increased level of childhood obesity. 12% of young person＇s visited a fast food restaurant at least with a weekly regularity. The value is 16.9% in case of young men higher than in case of young ladies （8.1%） to our research. We can state the respondents underestimate the costs of fast foods.

Willingness to Whistle Blow Among Muslim Consumers

The paper reports on a qualitative study using three focus groups drawn from Muslim consumers both local and foreign. Respondents were given vignettes depicting unethical halal claims scenarios to which respondents were required to respond. Two Malaysian consumer groups responded by declaring that they will whistle blow by reporting the matter to a religious authority, the Islamic Development Department （JAKIM）, while another group that consists of six Muslim foreign students will just leave the business premise without making any complaints to any authority. The different course of actions taken could be explained by the diverse background of the Malaysian population and their level of awareness in selecting their halal food and their high degree of intolerance to such practice whilst the level of tolerance among foreign Muslim respondents might be different from their Malaysian counterparts or that they have never encountered such a problem before they came to Malaysia, The study also reports the response from JAKIM in relation to the relevant channels for whistle blowing regarding misleading halal labels.

New Rural Construction 2.0: Practice of “Small Group Ecology” in Chengdu

One big issue in the＂Large Centralization＂era is what farmers would do for living when they have been centralized to live in tall buildings and their lands have been circulated？Now,the distance between farmers and their workplaces are limited to 10minutes in the planning.Compared to the construction of happy and beautiful new countryside in China,

Application of the Game Theory to the Real-Estate Market with State Assistance

The study of bilateral markets, in an equilibrium perspective, began to catch labor economists＇ attention in recent decades since they allow the prediction of market anomalies or flaws. In the study there appears a matching process whose theoretical analysis is known as bilateral assignment model. Among the different examples of bilateral markets and the assignment processes linked with them is the real-estate market. Its characteristics raise problems which affect low-income groups mainly, for which the state＇s mission is critical. These problems motivated the authors of the present work to provide a solution by using the results obtained in the assignment models with capacity restrictions. In this work the study is made of the real-estate market with the variant of the state intervention in housing assignment. The situation raised here is that the state has the task of facilitating low-income people access to housing so that they can participate in the real-estate market. In order to be able to fulfill its work, the state has a list of people willing to sell or rent homes thanks to tax cuts or some compensation offered by the state, for example. However, the state budget is limited and its participation will have a certain quota. Like the bilateral market, this new model solves the problem in which buyers and sellers are assigned to one another so that they can satisfy a property of stability. It is also shown that it is possible to find assignments for which there are no buyer-seller coalitions affecting such stability. A method is shown by means of which it is possible to solve the problem of truncating the benefits given to buyers and sellers under the emergency of budget cut.