Breast cancer （BC） is diagnosed in 〉 65 year old women in about half of cases. Experts currently recommend that systemic therapy is offered to elderly patients with BC, if, based on their overall conditions and lif...Breast cancer （BC） is diagnosed in 〉 65 year old women in about half of cases. Experts currently recommend that systemic therapy is offered to elderly patients with BC, if, based on their overall conditions and life expectancy, it can be reasonably anticipated that the benefits will outweigh the risks of treatment. Like for young subjects, the monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 （HER-2）, trastuzumab, represents a valid therapeutic option when BC over-expresses this receptor. Unforttmately, administration of trastu- zumab is associated with the occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure （CHF）, possibly because of interference with the homeostatic functions of HER-2 in the heart. Registry-based, retrospective analyses have reported an incidence of CHF around 25% in elderly women receiving trastuzumab compared with 10%-15% in those not given any therapy for BC, and the risk of CHF has been estimated to be two-fold higher in 〉 60455 year old trastuzumab users vs. non-users. Extremely advanced age and preexisting cardiac disease have been shown to predispose to trastuzumab cardiotoxicity. Therefore, selection of older patients for treatment with trastuzumab should be primarily based on their general status and the presence of comorbidities; previous chemotherapy, especially with anthracyclines, should be also taken into account. Once therapy has started, efforts should be made to ensure regular cardiac surveillance. The role of selected biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin, or new imaging techniques （three-dimension, tissue Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging） is promising, but must be further investigated especially in the elderly. Moreover, additional studies are needed in order to better understand the mechanisms by which trastuzumab affects the old heart.展开更多
Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this p...Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this paper, the impact of pension income and expenditure patterns on the substitution rate is analyzed, and the factors that affect the level of substitution rate are analyzed, and the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.展开更多
This study examines the relationship between discourse intonation （henceforth DI） and teacher cognition. Drawing on the rich literature on the teacher cognition in grammar, this study borrows some relevant insights ...This study examines the relationship between discourse intonation （henceforth DI） and teacher cognition. Drawing on the rich literature on the teacher cognition in grammar, this study borrows some relevant insights for a better understanding of the relationship between teacher cognition and DI. Following a qualitative treatment, the study concludes that instruction on D1 is a dynamic debate fed by both teacher training and teachers＇ experience of teaching and learning in general, which leads into suggesting the need for any teacher training on DI to take into account both DI knowledge as well as teacher core and peripheral belief. The contribution of the study lies in its tapping of a relatively poorly investigated area and offering advances on the many negative or simplistic teacher attitudes regarding intonation instruction as expressed in the literature, as well as in bringing to the surfaces something which teachers sometimes are not explicitly aware of.展开更多
Word meanings change with time. This paper analyzes the meanings of three language units from Jane Austen＇s Pride and Prejudice and their Chinese renderings by seven translators. These three units are recollect, hand...Word meanings change with time. This paper analyzes the meanings of three language units from Jane Austen＇s Pride and Prejudice and their Chinese renderings by seven translators. These three units are recollect, handsome, and come upon the town. By studying the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of each language unit, the analysis shows that of the renderings of these three language units, the accuracy rate is three out of seven, one out of seven, and two out of seven respectively. The paper points out that one of the most important causes of the low accuracy rates is that these language units denote old-fashioned meanings. Another cause of the low accuracy rates is that some of the translators are not careful enough in their identification of the meanings of these language units. The paper suggests that in the translation of a classic novel like Pride and Prejudice, translators need to analyze carefully the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of a tricky language unit in the novel for very likely it denotes an old-fashioned meaning. Translators could also consult and compare what a tricky language unit means in other places of the novel, use an encyclopedic dictionary instead of a dictionary of contemporary English, and study the notes on tricky words in the novel made by established scholars.展开更多
Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the efficacies and toxicities of non-platinum doublets （doublets group） with a non-platinum single agent （single-agent group） in previously untreated advanced non-sm...Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the efficacies and toxicities of non-platinum doublets （doublets group） with a non-platinum single agent （single-agent group） in previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） patients with elderly age and/or poor performance status （PS）. Methods： The PubMed database was screened. Subsequently, the hazard ratios （HRs） for overall survival （OS） and progression-free survival （PFS）, relative risks （RRs） for overall response rate （ORR） and one-year survival, and odds ratios （ORs） for the different types of toxicities were pooled using the Review Manager 5.0 package. Results： This study comprised of 1427 patients enrolled in four randomized controlled trials. The pooled HR showed that the doublet group could increase ORR （P = 0.002） with no heterogeneity （P = 0.64）, and might improve OS （P = 0.01 / P = 0.06） with heterogeneity （P 0.001）. There was no significant difference in PFS （P = 0.16） and one-year survival （P = 0.25） between two treatment groups. The doublet group led to more grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia than the single-agent group （P = 0.02 and P = 0.000, respectively）. The incidences of grade 3/4 anemia, vomiting, mucositis, constipation, diarrhea, neurotoxicity, allergy, and fatigue between the two treatment groups were insignificant. Conclusion： Except for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, the non-platinum doublets could increase ORR, and might improve OS for NSCLC patients with elderly age and/or poor PS without addition of more side effects; however, the doublets showed an increased rate of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The addition of doublets may not improve PFS and one-year survival.展开更多
This is a comparative study examining the influence of a small-scale dementia unit and a traditional dementia unit on behaviors of the residents. The small-scale unit and the traditional unit were selected through two...This is a comparative study examining the influence of a small-scale dementia unit and a traditional dementia unit on behaviors of the residents. The small-scale unit and the traditional unit were selected through two phases in Vancouver, Canada. Seven residents from each facility completed the study. Physical environmental assessments were performed using two tools： PEAP （professional environmental assessment protocol） and TESS-NH （therapeutic environment screening survey for nursing homes）. For the assessment of residents＇ behaviors, three assessment tools were used： MOSES （multidimensional observation scale for elderly subjects）, MDS （minimum data set） and DCM （dementia care mapping）. The study found that the residents living in a small-scale environment were more engaged in activities and more likely to respond in understanding their fellow residents. Residents living in a traditional long-term care exhibited fewer signs of social interaction. The findings suggest that a small-scale homelike environment could positively influence people with dementia to be more engaged in social exchanges and activities, and consequently help in reducing their withdrawn behavior.展开更多
The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawb...The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawback is that a significant loss of fairness, the gap between different groups of pension is too wide, causing social conflicts. The merger of the pension has be imperative. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and perfect the system of the civil service pension insurance legal mandatory occupational pension system, strengthen the basic social pension, broaden the channels for pension investment, reform organs and institutions pension system and pension system Retbrm and civil service pay rise, in order to promote the reform of the civil service pension system. The merger of the pension reform is scientific and reasonable, healthy and orderly and can achieve a smooth transition.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated w...AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated with mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) in vitro, and the purity of monocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Total RNA of CT-26 was obtained by TRIzol's process, and monocytes were transfected by TransMessenger in vitro. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo was estimated by the modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Changes of tumor size in mice and animal's survival time were observed in different groups. RESULTS: Monocytes from mouse bone marrow were successfully incubated, and the positive rate of CDllb was over 95%. Vaccination of the monocytes transfected with total RNA induced a high level of specific CTL activity in vivo, and made mice resistant to the subsequent challenge of parental tumor cells. In vivo effects induced by monocytes transfected with total RNA were stronger than those induced by monocytes pulsed with tumor cell lysates. CONCLUSION: Antigen presenting cells transfected with total RNA of CT-26 can present endogenous? tumor antigens, activate CTL, and effectively induce specific antitumor immunity.展开更多
文摘Breast cancer （BC） is diagnosed in 〉 65 year old women in about half of cases. Experts currently recommend that systemic therapy is offered to elderly patients with BC, if, based on their overall conditions and life expectancy, it can be reasonably anticipated that the benefits will outweigh the risks of treatment. Like for young subjects, the monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 （HER-2）, trastuzumab, represents a valid therapeutic option when BC over-expresses this receptor. Unforttmately, administration of trastu- zumab is associated with the occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure （CHF）, possibly because of interference with the homeostatic functions of HER-2 in the heart. Registry-based, retrospective analyses have reported an incidence of CHF around 25% in elderly women receiving trastuzumab compared with 10%-15% in those not given any therapy for BC, and the risk of CHF has been estimated to be two-fold higher in 〉 60455 year old trastuzumab users vs. non-users. Extremely advanced age and preexisting cardiac disease have been shown to predispose to trastuzumab cardiotoxicity. Therefore, selection of older patients for treatment with trastuzumab should be primarily based on their general status and the presence of comorbidities; previous chemotherapy, especially with anthracyclines, should be also taken into account. Once therapy has started, efforts should be made to ensure regular cardiac surveillance. The role of selected biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin, or new imaging techniques （three-dimension, tissue Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging） is promising, but must be further investigated especially in the elderly. Moreover, additional studies are needed in order to better understand the mechanisms by which trastuzumab affects the old heart.
文摘Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this paper, the impact of pension income and expenditure patterns on the substitution rate is analyzed, and the factors that affect the level of substitution rate are analyzed, and the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.
文摘This study examines the relationship between discourse intonation （henceforth DI） and teacher cognition. Drawing on the rich literature on the teacher cognition in grammar, this study borrows some relevant insights for a better understanding of the relationship between teacher cognition and DI. Following a qualitative treatment, the study concludes that instruction on D1 is a dynamic debate fed by both teacher training and teachers＇ experience of teaching and learning in general, which leads into suggesting the need for any teacher training on DI to take into account both DI knowledge as well as teacher core and peripheral belief. The contribution of the study lies in its tapping of a relatively poorly investigated area and offering advances on the many negative or simplistic teacher attitudes regarding intonation instruction as expressed in the literature, as well as in bringing to the surfaces something which teachers sometimes are not explicitly aware of.
文摘Word meanings change with time. This paper analyzes the meanings of three language units from Jane Austen＇s Pride and Prejudice and their Chinese renderings by seven translators. These three units are recollect, handsome, and come upon the town. By studying the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of each language unit, the analysis shows that of the renderings of these three language units, the accuracy rate is three out of seven, one out of seven, and two out of seven respectively. The paper points out that one of the most important causes of the low accuracy rates is that these language units denote old-fashioned meanings. Another cause of the low accuracy rates is that some of the translators are not careful enough in their identification of the meanings of these language units. The paper suggests that in the translation of a classic novel like Pride and Prejudice, translators need to analyze carefully the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of a tricky language unit in the novel for very likely it denotes an old-fashioned meaning. Translators could also consult and compare what a tricky language unit means in other places of the novel, use an encyclopedic dictionary instead of a dictionary of contemporary English, and study the notes on tricky words in the novel made by established scholars.
基金Supported by a grant of Major Science and Technology Project of "National Significant New Drug Creation" (No. 2008ZX09312-002)
文摘Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the efficacies and toxicities of non-platinum doublets （doublets group） with a non-platinum single agent （single-agent group） in previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） patients with elderly age and/or poor performance status （PS）. Methods： The PubMed database was screened. Subsequently, the hazard ratios （HRs） for overall survival （OS） and progression-free survival （PFS）, relative risks （RRs） for overall response rate （ORR） and one-year survival, and odds ratios （ORs） for the different types of toxicities were pooled using the Review Manager 5.0 package. Results： This study comprised of 1427 patients enrolled in four randomized controlled trials. The pooled HR showed that the doublet group could increase ORR （P = 0.002） with no heterogeneity （P = 0.64）, and might improve OS （P = 0.01 / P = 0.06） with heterogeneity （P 0.001）. There was no significant difference in PFS （P = 0.16） and one-year survival （P = 0.25） between two treatment groups. The doublet group led to more grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia than the single-agent group （P = 0.02 and P = 0.000, respectively）. The incidences of grade 3/4 anemia, vomiting, mucositis, constipation, diarrhea, neurotoxicity, allergy, and fatigue between the two treatment groups were insignificant. Conclusion： Except for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, the non-platinum doublets could increase ORR, and might improve OS for NSCLC patients with elderly age and/or poor PS without addition of more side effects; however, the doublets showed an increased rate of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The addition of doublets may not improve PFS and one-year survival.
文摘This is a comparative study examining the influence of a small-scale dementia unit and a traditional dementia unit on behaviors of the residents. The small-scale unit and the traditional unit were selected through two phases in Vancouver, Canada. Seven residents from each facility completed the study. Physical environmental assessments were performed using two tools： PEAP （professional environmental assessment protocol） and TESS-NH （therapeutic environment screening survey for nursing homes）. For the assessment of residents＇ behaviors, three assessment tools were used： MOSES （multidimensional observation scale for elderly subjects）, MDS （minimum data set） and DCM （dementia care mapping）. The study found that the residents living in a small-scale environment were more engaged in activities and more likely to respond in understanding their fellow residents. Residents living in a traditional long-term care exhibited fewer signs of social interaction. The findings suggest that a small-scale homelike environment could positively influence people with dementia to be more engaged in social exchanges and activities, and consequently help in reducing their withdrawn behavior.
文摘The merger of the pension not only in relation to the social justice, but also the relationship between the construction of social security system, pensions merger is beyond doubt. Pension dual track the biggest drawback is that a significant loss of fairness, the gap between different groups of pension is too wide, causing social conflicts. The merger of the pension has be imperative. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and perfect the system of the civil service pension insurance legal mandatory occupational pension system, strengthen the basic social pension, broaden the channels for pension investment, reform organs and institutions pension system and pension system Retbrm and civil service pay rise, in order to promote the reform of the civil service pension system. The merger of the pension reform is scientific and reasonable, healthy and orderly and can achieve a smooth transition.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated with mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) in vitro, and the purity of monocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Total RNA of CT-26 was obtained by TRIzol's process, and monocytes were transfected by TransMessenger in vitro. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo was estimated by the modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Changes of tumor size in mice and animal's survival time were observed in different groups. RESULTS: Monocytes from mouse bone marrow were successfully incubated, and the positive rate of CDllb was over 95%. Vaccination of the monocytes transfected with total RNA induced a high level of specific CTL activity in vivo, and made mice resistant to the subsequent challenge of parental tumor cells. In vivo effects induced by monocytes transfected with total RNA were stronger than those induced by monocytes pulsed with tumor cell lysates. CONCLUSION: Antigen presenting cells transfected with total RNA of CT-26 can present endogenous? tumor antigens, activate CTL, and effectively induce specific antitumor immunity.
