Alzheimer’s disease:epidemiology,genetics,and beyond

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is an increasing epidemic threatening public health. Both men and women are susceptible to the disease although women are at a slightly higher risk. The prevalence of AD rises exponentially in elderly people from 1% at age of 65 to approximately 40%-50% by the age of 95. While the cause of the disease has not been fully understood, genetics plays a role in the onset of the disease. Mutations in three genes （APP, PSENI, and PSEN2） have been found to cause AD and APOE4 allele increases the risk of the disease. As human genomic research progresses, more genes have been identified and linked with AD. Genetic screening tests for persons at high risk of AD are currently available and may help them as well as their families better prepare for a later life with AD.

Modulatory Effect of Rg_1 on the Activity of ProteinTyrosine Kinase of Lymphocytes in the Elderly

The effect of Rg1,a saponin extracted froin Panax ginseng, on the phenotype,receptor and the activity of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) of lymphocytes isolated from 7 healthy oldpersons were studied. The CD25, CD45RA and CD45RO phenotypes of lymphocytes were 4eter-mined by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The percentage of CD25, CD45RA and CD45ROpositive lymphocytes was 38.3%±17.3%, 46.0% 15.1%, and 52.6%±14.1% respectively after incu-bation with PHA (5 μ±/ml) for 72 hours. However, there were 58.0%±12.5%, CD25, 64.1% ± 12.4%,CD45RA, and 74.0%±8.0%, CD45RO positive cells in the presence of Rg, ( 1μg/ml) along with PHA(5 μg/ml) over the sanie period of incubation. A significant increase was induced by Rgi (P<0.05).The activities of PTK in the cytoplasm and membrane of lymphocytes were measured by ELISAmcthod after incubation with PHA or PHA+Rg1. The absorbance value of PTK activity in cytoplasmafter 72 hr incubation was 0. 120±0.020 in PHA group, but 0. 1 38±0.015 in PHA+Rg1 group. In thelymphocyte membrane, it was 0.374± 0.060 in PHA group and 0.403 ± 0.008 in PHA+Rg1 group(P<0.001). These results showed that Rgi significantly arid simultaneously increased both the PT Kactivity and the expression of phenotype of lymphocytes.

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Ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation and modification:an emerging theme in plant-microbe interactions

Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the modulation of protein activity. Various types of protein modification, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, myristoylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination, have been reported. Among them, ubiquitination distinguishes itself from others in that most of the ubiquitinated proteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation. The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system constitutes the major protein degradation pathway in the cell. In recent years, the importance of the ubiquitination machinery in the control of numerous eukaryotic cellular functions has been increasingly appreciated. Increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their substrates, including a variety of essential cellular regulators have been identified. Studies in the past several years have revealed that the ubiquitination system is important for a broad range of plant developmental processes and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review discusses recent advances in the functional analysis of ubiquitination-associated proteins from plants and pathogens that play important roles in plant-microbe interactions.

Identification of Senescence-associated Protein DpXTH1 and its Gene Cloning in Dahlia Petals

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of senescence in ethylene-insensitive flowers. [Method] The dahlia petals were used as matedal, and the senescence-associated proteins were isolated and identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and an encoding gene was cloned using molecular biology techniques. [Result] In the two-dimensional elec- trophorogram of proteins from dahlia petals at building color, full flowering and flow- er senescence pedods, a total of 44 protein spots with differences in expression level more than two times were detected. From the 44 protein spots, xyloglucan （XTHs）, a senescence-associated protein, was iso- lated and identified and its expression level was increased continuously with the senescence process of dahlia petals. By using the total RNA of dahlia petals as matedal and a pair of degenerate pdmers, the cDNA sequence of XTH gene was cloned by RT-PCR. The encoding region of XTH gene has a full length of 882 bp, encoding 293 amino acid residues, and is named as DpXTH1 （Accession number： HM053613.1）. The cluster analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of DpXTH1 has high homology with those of XTHs in other plants. [Conclusion] The isolated and identified DpXTH1 from dahlia petals belonged to the XTH family in plants, and its biological function was associated with the senescence process and regulation of dahlia petals.

Suppression of colorectal tumorigenesis by recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-2 in vivo

AIM To evaluate the impact of recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-2 (BFT-2, or Fragilysin) on colorectal tumorigenesis in mice induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS). METHODS Recombinant proBFT-2 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta (DE3) and BFT-2 was obtained and tested for its biological activity via colorectal adenocarcinoma cell strains SW-480. Seventy C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a blank (BC; n = 10), model (AD; n = 20), model + low-dose toxin (ADLT; n = 20, 10 mu g), and a model + high-dose toxin (ADHT; n = 20, 20 mu g) group. Mice weight, tumor formation and pathology were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry determined Ki-67 and Caspase-3 expression in normal and tumor tissues of colorectal mucosa. RESULTS Recombinant BFT-2 was successfully obtained, along with its biological activity. The most obvious weight loss occurred in the AD group compared with the ADLT group (21.82 +/- 0.68 vs 23.23 +/- 0.91, P < 0.05) and the ADHT group (21.82 +/- 0.68 vs 23.57 +/- 1.06, P < 0.05). More tumors were found in the AD group than in the ADLT and ADHT groups (19.75 +/- 3.30 vs 6.50 +/- 1.73, P < 0.05; 19.75 +/- 3.30 vs 6.00 +/- 2.16, P < 0.05). Pathology showed that 12 mice had adenocarcinoma and 6 cases had adenoma in the AD group. Five mice had adenocarcinoma and 15 had adenoma in the ADLT group. Four mice had adenocarcinoma and 16 had adenoma in the ADHT group. The incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma in both the ADHT group and the ADHT group was reduced compared to that in the AD group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). The positive rate of Ki-67 in the ADLT group and the ADHT group was 50% and 40%, respectively, both of which were lower than that found in the AD group (94.44%, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Caspase-3 expression in the ADLT group and the ADHT group was 45% and 55%, both of which were higher than that found in the BC group (16.67%, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Oral administration with lower-dose biologically active recombinant BFT-2 inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in mice.

Failure of P-selectin blockade alone to protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated blood-perfused rat liver

AIM： To determine if blockade of P-selectin in the isolated blood-perfused cold ex vivo rat liver model protects the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS： The effect of P-selectin blockade was assessed by employing an isolated blood-perfused cold ex vivo rat liver with or without P-selectin antibody treatment before and after 6 h of cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution. RESULTS： In our isolated blood-perfused rat liver model, pre-treatment with P-selectin antibody failed to protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury, as judged by the elevated aspartate aminotransferase activity. In addition, P-selectin antibody treatment did not significantly reduced hepatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation after 120 min of perfusion. Histological evaluation of liver sections obtained at 120 min of perfusion showed significant oncotic necrosis in liver sections of both ischemic control and P-selectin antibody-treated groups. However, total bile production after 120 rain of perfusion was significantly greater in P-selectin antibody-treated livers, compared to control livers. No significant difference in P-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNAs and proteins, GSH, GSSG, and nuclear NF-kB was found between control and P-selectin antibody-treated livers. CONCLUSION： In conclusion, we have shown that blockade of P-selectin alone failed to reduced polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in the liver and protect hepatocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated blood-perfused cold-ex vivo rat liver model.

Fibrinogen deficiency suppresses the development of early and delayed radiation enteropathy

To determine the mechanistic role of fibrinogen, a key regulator of inflammation and fibrosis, in early and delayed radiation enteropathy. METHODSFibrinogen wild-type (Fib+/+), fibrinogen heterozygous (Fib+/-), and fibrinogen knockout (Fib-/-) mice were exposed to localized intestinal irradiation and assessed for early and delayed structural changes in the intestinal tissue. A 5-cm segment of ileum of mice was exteriorized and exposed to 18.5 Gy of x-irradiation. Intestinal tissue injury was assessed by quantitative histology, morphometry, and immunohistochemistry at 2 wk and 26 wk after radiation. Plasma fibrinogen level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTSThere was no difference between sham-irradiated Fib+/+ and Fib+/- mice in terms of fibrinogen concentration in plasma and intestinal tissue, intestinal histology, morphometry, intestinal smooth muscle cell proliferation, and neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, Fib+/- mice were used as littermate controls. Unlike sham-irradiated Fib+/+ and Fib+/- mice, no fibrinogen was detected in the plasma and intestinal tissue of sham-irradiated Fib-/- mice. Moreover, fibrinogen level was not elevated after irradiation in the intestinal tissue of Fib-/- mice, while significant increase in intestinal fibrinogen level was noticed in irradiated Fib+/+ and Fib+/- mice. Importantly, irradiated Fib-/- mice exhibited substantially less overall intestinal structural injury (RIS, P = 0.000002), intestinal wall thickness (P = 0.003), intestinal serosal thickness (P = 0.009), collagen deposition (P = 0.01), TGF-β immunoreactivity (P = 0.03), intestinal smooth muscle proliferation (P = 0.046), neutrophil infiltration (P = 0.01), and intestinal mucosal injury (P = 0.0003), compared to irradiated Fib+/+ and Fib+/- mice at both 2 wk and 26 wk. CONCLUSIONThese data demonstrate that fibrinogen deficiency directly attenuates development of early and delayed radiation enteropathy. Fibrinogen could be a novel target in treating intestinal damage.

Significant roles of anti-aging protein klotho and fibroblast growth factor23 in cardiovascular disease

The klotho gene has been identified as an aging suppressor that encodes a protein involved in cardiovascular disease （CVD）. The inac- tivation of the klotho gene causes serious systemic disorders resembling human aging, such as atherosderosis, diffuse vascular calcification and shortened life span. Klotho has been demonstrated to ameliorate vascular endothelial dysfunction and delay vascular calcification. Fur- thermore, klotho gene polymorphisms in the human are associated with various cardiovascular events. Recent experiments show that klotho may reduce transient receptor potential canonical6 （TRPC6） channels, resulting in protecting the heart from hypertrophy and systolic dys- function. Fibroblast growth factor23 （FGF23） is a bone-derived hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of phosphate and vi- tamin D metabolism. FGF23 accelerates urinary phosphate excretion and suppresses 1,25-dihydroxy vitaminD3 （1,25（OH）2D3）synthesis in the presence ofFGF receptorl （FGFR1） and its co-receptor ldotho, principally in the kidney. The hormonal affects of circulating klotho pro- tein and FGF23 on vascular and heart have contributed to an understanding of their roles in the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy. Klotho and FGF23 appear to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, and may represent a novel potential therapeutic strategy for clinical intervention.

Characterization and antioxidant activities of marine pepsin soluble collagen from the skin of yellow goosefish Lophius litulon

Characteristics and antioxidant activities of pepsin-soluble collagen （PSC） from yellow goosefish （Lophius litulon） skins were investigated. PSC was characterized as a type I collagen, and its imino acid content was 193 residues/1 000 residues. PSC＇s denaturation temperature was -17.56℃ and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of triple helices. Solubility analysis showed good solubility at acidic pH （1-6） or low NaCl concentrations （≤2%）. PSC showed scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSC could protect D-galactose-induced skin aging by significantly controlling malondialdehyde formation and improving the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and hydroxyproline. PSC may be a promising antioxidant in appropriate applications.

Atorvastatin attenuates oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease

Objective： To investigate serum level of SOD, MDA, ox-LDL, AchE and Ach in AD, to study atorvastatin influence on serum level of SOD, MDA, ox-LDL, Ache and Ach in AD and its neuroprotection mechanisms. Methods Subjects were divided into： normal blood lipid level group with Alzheimer＇s disease （A）, higher blood lipid level group with Alzheimer＇s disease （AH）, normal blood lipid level Alzheimer＇s disease group with atorvastatin treeatment （AT）, higher blood lipid level Alzheimer＇s disease group with atorvastatin treeatment（AHT）. Ox-LDL was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; SOD, MDA, ox-LDL, AchE, Ach and blood lipid level in AD was measured by biochemistry. Results： The serum level of MDA, Ache in AH group after atorvastatin treatment is lower ;The serum level of SOD, Ach in AH group is more increased than that of in A group; The serum level of ox-LDL in AH, A groups is lower than that of in A group; The dementia degree is lower after atorvastatin treatment. Conclusion： Atorvastatin can decrease serum level of MDA, AchE and ox-LDL, and increase that of SOD, Ach, and attenuate dementia symptom in AD, especially, with hyperlipemia. The hypothesis of atorvastatin neuroprotection is concluded that atorvastatin may restrain free radical reaction and retard oxidation in AD.

Expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 during aging in rat liver

AIM: To investigate the expression and role of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) during natural aging in rat liver and to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. METHODS: The rats were divided into 3-mo-old group (n=5), 10-mo-old group (n=5) and 24-mo-old group (n=5). Histopathologic changes of liver were observed with HE and Masson stain. The location and protein expressions of TIMP-1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot; message RNA (mRNA) levels were measured in livers from rats of various ages by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). In addition, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: Histologic examination showed that the aging liver had excessive fatty degeneration and collagen deposition. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TIMP-1 related antigen in livers was located in cytoplasm. The protein expression of TTMP-1 was significantly higher in the oldest animals and the mRNA expression was increased significantly in the 24-mo-old rats (t= 4.61, P= 0.002<0.05, 24-vs 10-mo-old rats; t=4.31, P=0.003<0.05, 24- vs 3-mo-old rats). The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 had no change during aging; the ratios TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 in aging liver were significantly higher than those in maturation and young livers. CONCLUSION: TIMP-1 may play an important role in the process of liver aging.

Women and exercise in aging

Aging is associated with physiological declines, notably a decrease in bone mineral density （BMD） and lean body mass, with a concurrent increase in body fat and central adiposity. Interest in women and aging is of particular interest partly as a result of gender specific responses to aging, particularly as a result of menopause. It is possible that the onset of menopause may augment the physiological decline associated with aging and inactivity. More so, a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome （an accumulation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including obesity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose） has been shown in middle-aged women during the postmenopausal period. This is due in part to the drastic changes in body composition, as previously discussed, but also a change in physical activity （PA） levels. Sarcopenia is an age related decrease in the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibers that consequently leads to a decline in physical function, gait speed, balance, coordination, decreased BMD, and quality of life. PA plays an essential role in combating physiological decline associated with aging. Maintenance of adequate levels of PA can result in increased longevity and a reduced risk for metabolic disease along with other chronic diseases. The aim of this paper is to review relevant literature, examine current PA guidelines, and provide recom- mendations specific to women based on current research.

Effects of Huang Qi Wu Wu Decoction on Plasma Proteins in 70 Cases of Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease

Simple immune agar diffusion test was used to assay the contents of 12 plasma proteins in 70 cases of chronic pulmonary heart disease treated by Huang Qi Wu Wu Decoction (黄芪五物汤), with the other 70 cases who were not given Huang Qi Wu Wu Decoction as the control group. The total clinical effective rate in the treatment group was 90.0%, while that in the control group was 75.7%, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). In the treatment group, the levels of prealbumin, transferrin and fibronectin elevated obviously after treatment, and the contents of C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, a 1-antitrypsin and a 1-acid glycoprotein decreased markedly (P<0.01). In the control group, only the levels of ceruloplasmin and C-reactive protein decreased significantly (P<0.05). It is shown that Huang Qi Wu Wu Decoction may enhance the therapeutic effects for pulmonary heart disease, regulate the metabolism of plasma proteins, and improve the life quality of the patients.

Mitochondrial redox metabolism in aging:Effect of exercise interventions

Mitochondrial redox metabolism has long been recognized as being central to the effects of aging and the development of age-related pathologies in the major oxidative organs. Consistent evidence has shown that exercise is able to retard the onset and impede the progression of aging by modifying mitochondrial oxidant--antioxidant homeostasis. Here we provide a broad overview of the research evidence showing the relationship between mitochondrial redox metabolism, aging and exercise. We address part aspects of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species （ROS） metabolism, from superoxide production to ROS detoxification, especially antioxidant enzymes and uncoupling protein. Furthermore, we describe mitochondrial remodeling response to aging and exercise, which is accompanied by bioenergetics and redox regulation. In addition, potential mechanisms for redox signaling involved in mitochondrial remodeling and redox metabolism regulation are also reviewed.

Effects and mechanism of different adrenergic receptor antagonists on left ventricular hypertrophy subsequent to coarctation of abdominal aorta in rats

Objective: To study the changes of a collagen-binding protein (Colligin) and myosin heavy chain isoform (α/β-MHC) gene and protein in left ventricular hypertrophy subsequent to coarctation of abdominal aorta in rats and the effects of three kinds of adrenergic receptor blockers: Carvedilol (CAR) , Metoprolol (MET) and Terazosin (TER) on these changes, and to elucidate the effects and new mechanism of CAR on left ventricular hypertrophy regression. Methods: A model of hypertrophy induced by coarctation of abdominal aorta(CAA)was used in this study. Thirty two male wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups 4 weeks after CAA operation: CAA, CAR, MET and TER. Hemodynamics, ventricular remodeling parameters, expressions of Colligin and α/β-MHC mRNA, protein expressions of Collagen Ⅰ / Ⅲ and Colligin were investigated in the four groups and sham operation group. Results: Left ventricle hypertrophy was observed clearly 16 weeks after operation. The ratio of α/β-MHC mRNA decreased, while expressions of Collagen Ⅰ /Ⅲ proteins and Colligin mRNA/protein increased( P < 0.05). CAR could ameliorate left ventricle hypertrophy prior to MET and TER. CAR could also change the expressions of α/β-MHC, Collagen Ⅰ /Ⅲ and Colligin in both gene and protein levels ( P < 0.05), while MET and TER have no effect on them ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: The effects of CAR on extracellular matrix proteins and MHC isoform shift regression of left ventricle may be due to antiproliferative or antioxidative mechanism, which was independent of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist.

Attainment of multifactorial treatment targets among the elderly in a lipid clinic

Objective To examine target attainment of lipid-lowering, antihypenensive and antidiabetic treatment in the elderly in a specialist set- ting of a University Hospital in Greece. Methods This was a retrospective study including consecutive subjects 〉 65 years old （n = 465） with a follow-up 〉 3 years. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, blood pressure （BP） and glycated hemoglobin （HbAlc） goal achievement were recorded according to European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society （ESC/EAS）, European Society of Hypertension （ESH）/ESC and European Association for the Study of Diabetes （EASD） guidelines. Results The LDL-C targets were attained by 27~,4, 48% and 62% of very high, high and moderate risk patients, respectively. Those receiving statin ＋ ezetimibe achieved higher rates of LDL-C goal achievement compared with those receiving statin monotherapy （48% vs. 33%, P 〈 0.05）. Of the diabetic sub- jects, 71% had BP 〈 140/85 mmHg, while 78% of those without diabetes had BP 〈 140/90 mmHg. A higher proportion of the non-diabetic individuals （86%） had BP 〈 150/90 mmHg. Also, a higher proportion of those with diabetes had HbAlc 〈 8% rather than 〈 7% （88% and 47%, respectively）. Of note, almost one out of three non-diabetic individuals and one out of ten diabetic individuals had achieved all three treatment targets. Conclusions Even in a specialist setting of a University Hospital, a high proportion of the elderly remain at suboptimal LDL-C, BP and HbAlc levels. The use of drug combinations could improve multifactorial treatment target attainment, while less strict tar- gets could be more easily achieved in this population.

Number of medications is associated with outcomes in the elderly patient with metabolic syndrome

Background The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome indicates a clustering of metabolic imbalances which in sum have been recognized as a major predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the level of under-pharmacy and poly-pbarmacy and its prognostic impact in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods Retrospective chart-review at a tertiary medical center, of 324 patients greater than 65 years of age who met the International Diabetes Foundation criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis [Body Mass Index （BMI） 〉 30 kg/m2, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia]. Results There were 60 （18.5%） patients in the low （〈 5） medication burden group, 159 （49.1%） in the medium （〉 5 and 〈 10） medication burden group, and 105 （32.4%） in the high （〉 10） medication burden group. At baseline, the groups differed only by systolic blood pressure. At two years follow-up, the medium group had significantly better improvement in high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, HbAlc, and systolic blood pressure compared to the low medication burden group and significantly better improvement in triglycerides, Haemoglobin Alc （HbAlc） and systolic blood pressure compared to the high medication group. Decrease in HDL-C was the only variable associated with strokes. High medication burden predicted hospitalization burden. The number of anti-hypertensives, history of tobacco use, low and high medication burdens and decrease in HDL-C were all associated with death. Conclusions Both poly-pharmacy and under-pharmacy are associated with a decreased therapeutic benefit among patients with metabolic syndrome in terms of important laboratory measurements as well as clinical outcomes such as myocardial infarctions, hospitalization, and death.

Glycemic and blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension and diabetes： association with carotid atherosclerosis

Backgroud Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of slowing the progression of atherosclerosis by blood pressure （Bp） control in patients with hypertension and several studies also showed the efficacy of intensive glycemic control in decreasing progression of carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, few studies have compared the relative importance of glycemic w＇. Bp control in patients with diabetes and hypertension. We aimed to investigate the association between Bp and glycemic control and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, B-mode high-resolution ultrasonography of the carotid artery was performed in 670 subjects （508 males and 162 females） aged 60 years or over who had self-reported hypertension and diabetes but no history of coronary heart disease or stroke. Subjects were categorized by their systolic blood pressure： tight control, 〈 130 mmHg; usual control, 130-139 mmHg; or uncontrolled, 〉 140 mmHg, and by their hemoglobin Alc （HbAlc） level： tight control, 〈 6.5%; usual control, 6.5%-7.5%; or uncontrolled, 〉 7.5%, respectively. Results The mean CIMT was 8.20 ±0.11 mm, and carotid plaque was found in 52.5% （352/670） subjects. Overall, 62.1% of the subjects had subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, defined as having either carotid plaque or elevated CIMT （≥ 1.1 ram）. The mean CIMT was significantly different between Bp control categories （7.60 ± 0.09 mm, 7.90 ±0.08 mm, and 8.60 ± 0.12 mm, respectively, P = 0.03） but not between glycemic control categories （8.20± 0.10 mm, 8.1 ±0.08 mm, and 8.40 ± 0.14 ram, respectively, P = 0.13） using ANCOVA analysis. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for potential confounding factors showed that usual or uncontrolled Bp control were associated with having carotid plaque （OR = 1.08 and OR=1.42, respectively）, or elevated CIMT [Odd ratio （OR） = 1.17, 95% confidence interval （CI） 1.04-2.24, and OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.36-2.96, respectively compared to tight Bp control; but did not show glycemic control as independent predictor of either having carotid plaque or elevated CIMT. Conclusions In older patients with hypertension and diabetes, blood pressure control, but not glycemic control is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.