社区与医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析与比较

目的:分析我院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分布特点及耐药情况,比较社区获得性(CA-)与医院获得性(HA-)之间差别,进一步指导临床治疗,更好的控制MRSA引起的感染,减少耐药株的产生。方法:收集我院2010年1月-2011年10月从所有临床标本中分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,用美国DADE BEHRING公司Mi-croscan walkAway 40型全自动细菌鉴定分析系统对临床标本中分离的MRSA进行鉴定,并采用MIC法对临床分离MRSA选用19种抗菌药物进行敏感性测定。结果:监测期间共发现MRSA感染/定植85例,其中医院获得性65例(76.5%),社区获得性MRSA20例(23.5%);HA-MRSA多为呼吸道感染(66.2%),而CA-MRSA患者的皮肤软组织感染(50%)明显高于HA-MRSA(16.9%)。CA-MRSA组对四环素、庆大霉素耐药率明显高于HA-MRSA;未出现对万古霉素耐药菌株。结论:CA-MRSA与HA-MRSA具有不同的临床特征和耐药特征,MRSA的耐药情况不容乐观,应加强对MR-SA感染的控制。

Apoptosis Rate and Objective Diagnosis of Drug Resistance of Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Objective： To investigate whether the change of drug resistance degree could be evaluated by apoptotic rate in ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods： Human epithelia ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and its platinum （DDP） resistance cell line AD4 were used. They were divided into 4 groups respectively （A2780-DDP group, A2780-DDP＋VRM group, AD4-DDP group and AD4-DDP＋VRM group）. 3-（4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide （MTT） was used to measure the multiple of drug resistance. The expression of drug-resistance genes （mdrl, TopoⅡα and GSTπ） was detected by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Semi-quantity assay was proceed by rate the of multidrug resistance genes to G3 PDH gene. Apoptosis was measured by DNA gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry respectively. The advantages and disadvantage of evaluating drug-resistance with these three methods were analyzed. Results： The 50% inhibition concentration （IC50） of A2780 and AD4 was 19.2 μg/mL and 66 μg/mL respectively, and the resistance fold of the AD4 was 3.4. Some drug-resistance genes could be detected by RT-PCR in A2780 and AD4 cell lines. The expression of mdrl was only （0.09±0.03）×10^-2 ： 1 and （0.10±0.02） × 10^-2：1 respectively （rate to G3 PDH gene） with the difference being not significant between them. The expression of TopoⅡα in the A2780 cells was （2.60±0.12）×10^-2：1 and （0.11±0.03）× 10^-2：1 in the AD4 cells respectively with the difference between them being significant. On the contrary, the expression of GSTπ in A2780 cells was lower than in AD4 cells, and the ratio was （0.11±0.03）×10^-2：1 and （3.13±0.14）×10^-2：1 respectively with tile difference being significant between them. There was no significant difference among the genes expression after the drugs were given for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. couldn＇t reflect the change of drug-resistance timely. DNA gel electrophoresis used to detect apoptosis was only a qualitative analysis. Different drug resistance degrees may be detected by flow cytometry as early as few hours after drugs were given, which realized the earlier and quantities detection of drug resistance. Conclusion： Detection of apoptosis with flow cytometry may not be affected by the variety of drug-resistance genes, suggested this was a general, quantitative and objective method to reflect drug resistance.

Isolation and Biological Characteristics of Bacteriophage of an Antibiotic-resistant Escherchia coli Strain

In this study, bacteriophage of an antibiotic-resistant Escherchia coil strain isolated from feces of chicken was isolated. Its host range was determined by the method of spotting sample on monolayer agar, and its lysis titer, optimal multiplicity of infection （MOI）, temperature tolerance and pH tolerance were determined by the double-layer agar plate method. The results showed that the bacteriophage had a broad host range. The biological assay demonstrated that two strains of E. coil were fully lysed and one strain of E. coil was weakly lysed by the bacteriophage. The lysis titer and MOI of the bacteriophage were 1.20×10^8 PFU/ml and 1, respec- tively. Under the optimum temperature of 40℃, the Jysis titer of the bacteriophage reached 8.90×10^9 PFU/ml; however, the bacteriophage lost its infectivity at the tem- perature of 80℃. In the pH range of 5-11, the lysis titer of the bacteriophage ranged from10^6 to 10^9 PFU/mI. Under the condition of pH 4 and 12, the bacterio- phage was invalid.

Survey of Multidrug Resistance and Class I Integron Prevalence in Chicken-derived Salmonella

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the multidrug resistance and prevalence of class I integrons in Salmonel a. [Method] Salmonel a strains were isolated from chicken farms in Shandong Province. Kauffmann-White classification method was employed to analyze the serotypes of Salmonel a strains. Minimum in-hibition concentration （MIC） of Salmonel a strains against 19 common antimicrobial drugs was analyzed determined with microdilution method. The class I integrons and carried drug resistance gene cassettes were detected by PCR. [Result] A total of 311 Salmonel a strains were isolated and classified into two serotypes, including 133 Salmonel a Indiana strains and 178 Salmonel a Enteritidis strains. Drug sensitivity test showed that the isolated Salmonel a strains were general y resistant to sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ampicil in, tetracycline, doxycycline and trimethoprim, with a multidrug resistance rate of 91.0% （283/311）; 99% strains were sensitive to amikacin and colistin. PCR assay indicated that the detection rate of class I integrons was 65.0% （202/311）; the positive rate of class I integrons in Salmonel a strains with multidrug resistance was 92.6%; among 202 positive strains, six strains carried gene cassette dfr17-aadA5. [Conclusion] According to the above results, class I integrons exist general y in Salmonel a and are closely associated with the multidrug resistance of Salmonel a strains.

Study on the Resistance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli to Ceftiofur

[Objective] Ceftiofur was as the substrate to induce the standard strain of Escherichia coli（E.coli）to be the drug-resistance one.The resistant mechanism of E.coli to ceftiofur was studied.[Method] The sub-inhibitory concentration method was used to induce the standard strains C83907 and C83845.After they were induced for 10 generations,the double disc synergy test（DDST）,NCCLS（National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards）confirmatory test and PCR amplification were used to detect the extend spectrum β-lactamases（ESBLs）.The two fold dilution method was used to measure the minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC）of cetiofur to the strain which produced ESBLs.For the drug-resistance strain which produced ESBLs,the two fold dilution method was used to measure the minimal inhibitory concentrations of different proportions of cetiofur and tazobactam sodium.[Result] After they were induced 15 generations,MIC value of ceftiofur to the induced bacteria was during 8-10 μg/ml,and ESBLs was detected.MICs of cetiofur combining tazobactam sodium（the mass ratio was 1∶1-8∶1）to Escherichia coli produced ESBLs reduced 20-22 times than that of cetiofur.[Conclusion] The main mechanism of pathogenic Escherichia coli resistance to ceftiofur was that which produced ESBLs.

Isolation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Swine Salmonella

In this study, 68 fresh pork samples were collected from several major wholesale markets in Dalian City of Liaoning Province to isolate Salmonella using SS agar medium as selective medium. Salmonella isolates were identified with colony morphology observation and PCR method. The resistance of Salmonella iso- lates to 15 antibiotics was analyzed by broth microdilution susceptibility test. Accord- ing to the result, 12 Salmonella strains were isolated from 68 fresh pork samples, indicating a detection rate of 17.64%; 83.33% of Salmonella strains isolated from fresh pork samples could at least resist one antibiotic; Salmonella strains exhibited the strongest resistance to florfenicol （75.0%）, sarafloxacin hydrochloride （66.7%）, neomycin sulfate （66.7%） and doxycycline hydrochloride （66.7%）, followed by oxyte- tracycline （58.3%）, gentamicin sulphate （58.3%） and mequindox （58.3%）; Salmonella strains exhibited relatively low resistance to ciprofloxacin lactate （50.0%）, en- rofloxacin （50.0%）, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride （50.0%）, amoxicillin （16.7%） and col- istin sulphate （16.7%）. Salmonella in fresh pork samples from wholesale markets in Dalian Economic ＆ Technological Development Zone exhibited a high detection rate, and the isolated Salmonella strains showed extremely high resistance to various an- tibiotics. The strong drug-resistance of Salmonella can also be transmitted through the food chain from the food to the people, which should attract sufficient attention.

Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by Neferine in Adriamycin Resistant Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7/ADM

Objective: To study the reversal effect of neferine on adriamycin (ADM) resistant human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/ADM. Methods: The cytotoxic effect of Nef or ADM was determined by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2.-yl], 5-diphenyl tetraxolium bromid (MTT) assay. Apoptosis and the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The intracellular ADM concentration was measured by HPLC. Results: Nef at 1, 5, 10 mol/L decreased the IC50 of ADM to MCF-7/ADM from 11.63 g/mL to 4.59, 2.44, 0.27 g/mL respectively. MCF-7/ADM could resist the apoptosis induced by ADM while Nef (1-10 mol/L) could augment ADR-mediated apoptosis. Nef (10 mol/L) increased the accumulation of ADM up to 2.88 fold in MCF-7/ADM but not in sensitive cells MCF-7/S and reduced the expression of P-gp in MCF-7/ADM cells. Conclusion: Nef can circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) of MCF-7/ADM cells and the mechanism was associated with the increase of intracellular accumulation of ADM and the reduced expression of P-gp in MCF-7/ADM cells.

Susceptibility of 30 Antimicrobial Agents in 200 Strains of Campylobacters

为了解近几年弯曲菌对抗生素的敏感性，我们采用琼脂扩散法进行了200株弯曲菌对30种抗生素的敏感实验，结果 1994－1998氨基糖苷类、硫霉素、多粘菌素B、克拉霉素、交沙霉素、麦迪霉素均无耐药菌。红霉素耐药率为3％；氟喹诺酮类为44．5％。另外，氟喹诺酮类有完全性交叉耐药。红霉素和庆大霉素耐药菌五年来相对稳定，仍可用来治疗弯曲菌肠炎。我们这一地区氟喹诺酮类严重耐药，将来应严格控制使用。

The Expression of NF-Kappa B Family Protein and Its Relationship with Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Objective: To study the expression of NFκB family protein in breast cancer cell lines and the relationship between NFκB family protein and the drug resistance.Methods: Expression of P65, IκB-α in 14 breast cancer cell lines and P50 in 11 breast cancer cell lines was detected by Western blot. The sensitivity of the cells to ADM was determined by MTT.Results: 1κB-α located mainly in the cytoplasm. P65 and P50 were in both of cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression level of P50 was higher than that of P65, especially in nucleus. MTT assay showed that IC50 was three-fold higher in the cell lines which expressed P50 in nucleus than those P50 negative in nucleus, but no difference was found in the expression of P65.Conclusion: The expression of P50 in nucleus may predict the chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer, so it can be used as an indicator to predict the prognosis. The expression of P50 is more often in breast cancer, and it may play a more important role in the chemotherapy resistance than other NFκB family members. Key words breast cancer - NFκB - chemotherapy resistance

Synthesis of kanamycin A derivatives by regioselective masking drug resistant enzymes targeting hydroxyl groups

The 3＇-OH, 4＇-OH and 2＂-OH of kanamycin A were modified in search of new aminoglycosides to overcome resistant enzymes, ANTs and APHs. The key intermediate was a dibenzylidene-protected derivative of kanamycin A. The aimed sites were masked by benzyl, methyl and allyl groups. Multi-step reactions gave the desired aminoglycoside derivatives but showed less antibiotic activity than kanamycin A.

Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content

Hepatic steatosis affects 20% to 30% of the general adult population in the western world. Currently, the technique of choice for determining hepatic fat deposition and the stage of fibrosis is liver biopsy. However, it is an invasive procedure and its use is limited, particularly in children. It may also be subject to sampling error. Non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) can detect hepatic steatosis, but currently cannot distinguish between simple steatosis and steatohepatitis, or stage the degree of fibrosis accurately. Ultrasound is widely used to detect hepatic steatosis, but its sensitivity is reduced in the morbidly obese and also in those with small amounts of fatty infiltration. It has been used to grade hepatic fat content, but this is subjective. CT can detect hepatic steatosis, but exposes subjects to ionising radiation, thus limiting its use in longitudinal studies and in children. Recently, magnetic resonance (MR) techniques using chemical shift imaging have provided a quantitative assessment of the degree of hepatic fatty infiltration, which correlates well with liver biopsy results in the same patients. Similarly, in vivo 1H MRS is a fast, safe, non-invasive method forthe quantification of intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) levels. Both techniques will be useful tools in future longitudinal clinical studies, either in examining the natural history of conditions causing hepatic steatosis (e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), or in testing new treatments for these conditions.

A new look at anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy

With the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance,the treatment success of standard triple therapy has recently declined to unacceptable levels (i.e.,80% or less) in most countries.Therefore,several treatment regimens have emerged to cure Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection.Novel first-line anti-H.pylori therapies in 2011 include sequential therapy,concomitant quadruple therapy,hybrid (dual-concomitant) therapy and bismuth-containing quadruple therapy.After the failure of standard triple therapy,a bismuth-containing quadruple therapy comprising a proton pump inhibitor (PPI),bismuth,tetracycline and metronidazole can be employed as rescue treatment.Recently,triple therapy combining a PPI,levofloxacin and amoxicillin has been proposed as an alternative to the standard rescue therapy.This salvage regimen can achieve a higher eradication rate than bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in some regions and has less adverse effects.The best second-line therapy for patients who fail to eradicate H.pylori with first-line therapies containing clarithromycin,amoxicillin and metronidazole is unclear.However,a levofloxacin-based triple therapy is an accepted rescue treatment.Most guidelines suggest that patients requiring third-line therapy should be referred to a medical center and treated according to the antibiotic susceptibility test.Nonetheless,an empirical therapy (such as levofloxacin-based or furazolidone-based therapies) can be employed to terminate H.pylori infection if antimicrobial sensitivity data are unavailable.

Preparation of anti-resistant stealthy liposomes by incorporating vincristine with quinacrine and the pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats

Aim The objectives of the present study were to prepare stealthy vincristine plus quinacrine liposomes and evaluate the pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods Anti-resistant stealthy liposomes were prepared by incorporating vincristine with quinacrine together using the ammonium sulfate gradient loading procedure. For the pharmacokinetic study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups： each rat in the Group Ⅰwas administered intravenously via tail vein as stealthy liposomal vincristine plus quinacrine, and the Group Ⅱ similarly given as a mixture solution of free vincristine plus free quinacrine. The concentrations of vincristine and quinacrine in plasma were measured by HPLC with diode array detection and fluorescence detection, respectively. Results The mean particle size of stealthy liposomes was 135.9 ±7.1 nm and the encapsulation efficiencies of stealthy liposomes were 〉 90% for vincristine, and 〉 85% for quinacrine, respectively. Administered as the stealthy vincristine plus quinacrine liposomes, the plasma exposures of both vincristine and quinacrine were significantly extended, and the mean concentrations of both vincristine and quinacrine were significantly higher compared to those given as the mixture solution of free vincristine plus free quinacrine. The Cmax, t1/2, AUC0-24 h values of vincristine for stealthy liposomal group were significantly increased, but the total clearance Cl values decreased, as compared to those of free drug group, respectively. Similarly, the Cmax, t1/2 and AUC0-24 h values of quinacrine for the stealthy liposomal group were significantly increased, but the total clearance C1 values decreased, as compared to those of free quinacrine. Conclusion The anti-resistant stealthy liposomes are successfully prepared by incorporating vincristine with quinacrine, and the liposomes extend significantly the duration in blood circulation and improve evidently the plasma concentrations of both vincristine and quinacrine.

Dynamic changes and surveillance function of prion protein expression in gastric cancer drug resistance

AIM:To explore the dynamic changes of prion protein (PrPc) in the process of gastric cancer drug resistance and the role of PrPc expression in the prognosis of gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.METHODS:A series of gastric cancer cell lines resistant to different concentrations of adriamycin was established,and the expression of PrPc,Bcl-2 and Bax was detected in these cells.Apoptosis was determined using Annexin V staining.Western blotting and immunohisto-chemistry were performed to detect the expression of PrPc in patients receiving chemotherapy and to explore the role of PrPc expression in predicting the chemosensitivity and the outcome of gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.Follow-up was performed for 2 years.RESULTS:PrPc expression was increased with the increase in drug resistance.Bcl-2,together with PrPc,increased the level of anti-apoptosis of cancer cells.Increased PrPc expression predicted the enhanced level of anti-apoptosis and resistance to anticancer drugs.PrPc expression could be used as a marker for predicting the efficacy of chemotherapy and the prognosis of gastric cancer.Increased PrPc expression predicted both poor chemosensitivity and a low 2-year survival rate.Contrarily,low PrPc expression predicted favorable chemosensitivity and a relatively high 2-year survival rate.CONCLUSION:PrPc expression is associated with histological types and differentiation of gastric cancer cells;The PrPc expression level might be a valuable marker in predicting the efficacy of chemotherapy and the prognosis of gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Valence variation of arsenic in bioleaching process of arsenic-bearing gold ore

The concentration and variational trend of As3 +and As 5+,the bacterial resistance for the As 3+and As 5+and converting conditions from As3 +to As 5+were analyzed.The additive was used to prompt the bacterial leaching efficiency by changing valence state of arsenic.The results show that the concentration of As 3+ is larger than that of As 5+ in the lag phase.The concentration of As 3+ decreases in the log phase,and is lower than that of As5 +.HQ-0211 typed bacteria express better resistance for As 3+and As 5+and remain growing when the concentrations of As3 +and As 5+are above 6.0 g/L and 12.0 g/L,respectively.It is found that Fe 3+cannot oxidize As3 +singly as strong oxidant in the leaching system,but can cooperate with pyrite or chalcopyrite to do that.The oxidation of As 3+ is prompted with addition of H2O2.The bacterial activity is improved in favor of bacterial leaching efficiency.NaClO restrains the bacterial growth to depress leaching efficiency because of the chloric compounds affecting bacterial activity.

Use of arrays to investigate the contribution of ATP-binding cassette transporters to drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy and prediction of chemosensitivity

Multidrug resistance （MDR） is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. One of the best known mechanisms of MDR is the elevated expression of ATP-binding cassette （ABC） transporters. While some members of human ABC transporters have been shown to cause drug resistance with elevated expression, it is not yet known whether the over-expression of other members could also contribute to drug resistance in many model cancer cell lines and clinics. The recent development ofmicroarrays and quantitative PCR arrays for expression profiling analysis of ABC transporters has helped address these issues. In this article, various arrays with limited or full list of ABC transporter genes and their use in identifying ABC transporter genes in drug resistance and chemo-sensitivity prediction will be reviewed.

Proteome of human colon cancer stem cells:A comparative analysis

AIM： To isolate and identify the biological characteristics of human colon cancer stem cells （SW1116 cells） and further study their proteome. METHODS： SW1116 cells were isolated and cultured with a serum-free medium （SFM）. Sphere formation was assayed to observe the formation of colon cancer stem cell spheres. SW1116 cells were inoculated into a serum-containing medium for observing their differentiation characteristics. Proliferation curve and cross-resistance of SWl116 cells to different drugs were detected by MTT. Percentage of SP cells in SW1116 cells was detected with Hoechst33342 staining. Telomerase activity in SW1116cells was checked by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of stem cell relevant genes and proteins were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Total protein was isolated from SW1116 cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and differentially expressed proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF/TOF）. RESULTS： The isolated SW1116 cells presented as spheroid and suspension growths in SFM with a strong self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and drug-resistance ability. The percentage of SP cells in SW1116 cells was 38.9%. The SW1116 cells co-expressed the CD133 and CD29 proteins. The telomerase activity in SW1116 cells was increased. The expressions of different stem cell relevant genes and proteins were detected. The proteomic analysis showed that the 26 protein spots were differently expressed in SW1116 cells and 10 protein spots were identified as ubiquitin fusion- degradation l-like protein, nuclear chloride channel protein, tubulin 13, Raichu404X, stratifin, F-actin cap- ping protein α-1 subunit, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta isoform 2, hypothetical protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and guanine nucleotide binding protein 13 polypeptide 2-like 1, respectively. CONCLUSION： SW1116 cells are biologically characterized by self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, and the differently expressed proteins in SW1116 cells may be essential for isolating cancer stem cells.

Clinical role and importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization method in diagnosis of H pylori infection and determination of clarithromycin resistance in H pylori eradication therapy

H pylori is etiologically associated with gastritis, gas-tric and duodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Eradicating H pylori may convert rapidly the outcome of related diseases with the use of more accurate diagnostic molecular tests. Indeed some of the tests cannot give the evidence of current infection; H pylori can be detected by noninvasive and invasive methods, the latter requiring an endoscopy. Eradication failure is a big problem in H pylori infection. Recently, clarithromycin resistance in H pylori strains is increasing and eradicati-on therapy of this bacterium is becoming more difficult. Molecular methods have frequently been applied besides phenotypic methods for susceptibility testing to detect clarithromycin resistance due to mutations in the 2143 and 2144 positions of 23S rRNA gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method on paraffin embedded tissue is a rapid, accurate and cost-effective method for the detection of H pylori infection and to determine clarithromycin resistance within three hours according to the gold standards as a non-culture method. This method can also be applied to fresh biopsy samples and the isolated colonies from a culture of H pylori, detecting both the culturable bacillary forms and the coccoid forms of H pylori, besides the paraffin embedded tissue secti-ons. This technique is helpful for determining the bac-terial density and the results of treatment where clarith-romycin has been widely used in populations to increase the efficacy of the treatment and to clarify the treatment failure in vitro.

Multifactorial nature of hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance: Could plant polyphenols be helpful?

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is a quite frequent tumor which results in high mortality and most often exhibits a poor response to present drug therapies. Clearly, a thorough understanding of the biological bases of this malignancy might suggest new strategies for its treatment. Here we examine the evidences that both ＂pharmacological＂ mechanisms （e.g. drug transporter or detoxification enzyme over-expression） and alterations in other critical factors, including the IAPs （Inhibitory of Apoptosis Proteins）, involved in enhancement of cell survival and proliferation may determine the therapeutic resistance of HCC; we also underline the possible role in the process of the activation of transcription factors, like NF-κB, capable of contemporaneously up-regulating the mechanisms discussed. On this basis, we finally comment on the possible use of natural multi-targeted antitumoral agents like plant polyphenols to achieve sensitization to treatments in HCC.

Emerging function of mTORC2 as a core regulator in glioblastoma: metabolic reprogramming and drug resistance

Glioblastoma （GBM） is one of the most lethal human cancers. Genomic analyses define the molecular architecture of GBM and highlight a central function for mechanistic target of rapamycin （roTOR） signaling, roTOR kinase exists in two multi- protein complexes, namely, mTORC 1 and mTORC2. These complexes differ in terms of function, regulation and rapamycin sensitivity, mTORC 1 is well established as a cancer drug target, whereas the functions of mTORC2 in cancer, including GBM, remains poorly understood. This study reviews the recent findings that demonstrate a central function ofmTORC2 in regulating tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming, and targeted therapy resistance in GBM, which makes mTORCZ as a critical GBM drug target.