不同耕作型油菜田土壤杂草种子库的研究

本文采用温室萌发法，对三种不同耕作型油菜田的土壤杂草种子库进行了研究。结果表明：旱茬翻耕油菜田土壤种子库主要杂草种类有猪殃殃、泽漆和野老鹤草等，其中猪殃殃所占比例最高，达50％以上；稻茬翻耕与稻茬免耕油菜田土壤的种子库种类组成相似，主要有日本看麦娘、牛繁缕、草和猪殃殃，优势种均为日本看麦娘；旱茬翻耕与稻茬翻耕油菜田杂草种子约80％～90％较为均匀地分布于地表至10cm深的土层中，而稻茬免耕油菜田杂草种子约75％分布于地表至5cm深的浅土层中。种子库中杂草的种类组成和分布状况受轮作制度和耕作措施的影响。

村落耕作型稻田湿地中类固醇类激素HD菌强化降解试验

农村生活污水中的类固醇类激素(EDCs)通过灌溉形式直接被稻、麦、瓜果等农作物吸收,进而进入食物链,带来的环境污染及生态危害问题日益突出.本研究以水稻田为载体构建耕作型稻田湿地,并以本课题组筛选的农药降解菌HD为EDCs强化降解菌,考察耕作型稻田湿地对EDCs的去除效率.试验设A(空白对照)、B(投加HD菌剂强化)两组,结果表明,A组对雌酮(E_(1))、雌二醇(E_(2))、雌三醇(E_(3))及17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE_(2))的平均去除率分别为80.1%、72.4%、51.4%、68.3%,B组平均去除率分别为82.6%、73.4%、60.5%、75.6%,除E_(3)外E_(1)、E_(2)、EE_(2)去除率均在65%以上.经HD菌剂强化后,耕作层、土壤层、填料层等3个生物单元对EDCs(E_(1)、E_(2)、E_(3)、EE_(2))的去除效果均有提升,其中对E_(1)去除率分别为16.2%、75.1%、28.2%;对E_(2)去除率分别为14.5%、61.8%、18.7%;对E_(3)去除率分别为20.6%、49.8%、10.4%;对EE_(2)去除率分别为8.9%、43.4%、-8.1%.湿地经过5个月的连续运行后,EDCs含量下降明显,投菌组B中的EDCs残留量明显低于未投菌组A,B组湿地出水中E_(1)、E_(2)、E_(3)和EE_(2)含量相比A组可分别降低约26.6%、17.1%、30.3%、13.3%.HD菌剂能有效强化村落耕作型稻田湿地对EDCs的降解.

低负荷耕作型湿地净化村落污水效能研究

以南方地区水稻田为载体,构建低负荷耕作型水稻田湿地,考察水稻生长周期内不同水力负荷(HLR)条件下的COD、总磷、氨氮、总氮等污染物去除规律,并利用模糊综合评价法对稻田排水水质进行综合评价。结果表明,水稻分蘖期后,装置的净化效果提升了4%~13%;当水力负荷为0.065 m^3/(m^2·d)时,耕作型湿地对COD、总磷、氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达47.3%、84.0%、80.0%、68.5%;模糊综合评价表明稻田排水水质优于普遍农村污水设施的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。

菌剂强化耕作型稻田湿地净化重污染村庄河水效能研究

采用菌剂强化协同耕作型稻田湿地的方法净化重污染村庄河水,研究稻田湿地在反硝化聚磷菌(B8菌)的强化作用下,对目标污染物的去除效率,分析生物降解过程中溶解性有机物迁移规律。结果表明,连续14 d投加B8菌于稻田潜流湿地后,投菌组的总磷、氨氮、总氮的平均去除率分别91%、91.34%、89.22%,与未投菌组相比提高了6.4、10、16.22个百分点,COD及UV_(254)的平均去除率为68%、70%,相比未投菌组去除率分别提高了8、11个百分点,平均出水浓度为31.09 mg/L、0.08。湿地系统对叶绿素a的去除效果良好,投菌组与未投菌组的去除率均达到90%,平均出水浓度为2.35μg/L,出水均达到《地表水环境质量标准》GB3838—2002中的Ⅳ类标准,说明投加的B8菌剂具有协同强化耕作型稻田湿地对村庄河水氮、磷、有机物的去除作用。三维荧光分析表明,重污染村庄河水中有机物的主要成分是DOM,来源于河水中的藻细胞和村庄排水中的腐殖类物质,可以通过稻田区植物及微生物的协同来达到去除效果。

“T”型耕作对水稻生育及肥料利用的影响

为明确"T"型耕作对水稻生长的影响机理及效果,本文以垦粳2号为材料,稻田土壤采用"T"型耕法与常规耕作进行对比试验。结果表明,相比常规耕作,"T"型耕作处理改善土壤理化性状,土壤容重降低9.9%,氧化还原电位提高18.9%;0～5cm耕层根量增加11.7%,10～15cm耕层根量增加3.45%,提高有效穗数、叶面积及肥料利用率;稻谷产量平均提高4.2%,高产的主要原因是穗数与穗粒数协同增加所致。

“T”型耕作条件下钾对寒地水稻产量与品质的影响

以垦稻12和垦鉴稻10为试验材料,探讨了"T"型耕作方式下施钾对寒地水稻产量与品质的影响。结果表明,灌浆结实期垦稻12叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率均以"T"型耕作处理较高,垦鉴稻10叶片的净光合速率也以"T"型耕作处理高;同样施钾量下,"T"耕作处理的稻谷产量高于常规耕作,以每667m2用硫酸钾10.5 kg的处理产量最高,品质最佳。

SH-654型拖拉机适宜配套驱动型耕作机具

上海拖拉机内燃机公司生产的SH-654型四轮驱动拖拉机是90年代中期开发推向市场的新产品,比现有SH-50、SH-504型增大了功率,引进采用了FIAT底盘、液压输出和全液压转向等国际先进技术。结构紧凑,操纵轻便,转向灵活,维修保养方便,燃油消耗低。以其优良的品质、卓越的性能,已经获得OECD(经济合作与发展组织)国际认可,并通过ISO9001质量认证,在国内外有着广阔的市场前景。

BFD-2(3)型多功能耕作机

吉林省镇赉县农机技术推广站研制生产的BFD-2(3)型多功能耕作机,在更换机具不同部件的基础上,可一次完成基肥深施、起垄、施肥播种、覆土作业,苗期田间深松除草作业,中耕期垄沟深施肥以及机械铺膜覆土等项作业.

耕作制度变革与畜牧业的可持续发展

本文分析了加入WTO对我国畜牧业的影响 ,并提出了用一种高产、高效、可持续发展的耕作制度 (混合饲养型耕作制 )改造传统的谷物大田耕作制 ,形成从植物生产到动物转化 ,再到食品加工这样一个产业链条 。

柴达木地区保护性耕作技术的引进、示范和推广

本文系统分析了柴达木地区引进保护性耕作技术对生态环境的综合效益,并对如何进一步做好柴达木地区保护型耕作技术提出对策。

关于山西玉米产业的可持续发展

玉米是山西半干旱农区高产生态型作物,在巩固中部和晋东南地区中晚熟和中早熟传统玉米主产区的基础上,重点开发南部旱地春播晚熟玉米区和夏播中早熟玉米区以及北部盆地中熟玉米区和山地早熟玉米区,玉米的种植面积有望达到180万～200万hm2,山西将成为我国重要的玉米产区之一。构建以秸秆还田为主体的保护性土壤生态耕作体系,提高地力,大力推广新一代紧凑耐密型杂交种,以合理密植、测土配方施肥、地膜覆盖为中心的玉米标准化生产技术,玉米大田产量可由现在的5 000 kg/hm2提高到6 000kg/hm2,总产将达到1 000万～1 200万t。以玉米资源为依托,大力发展草食动物畜牧业,开拓以玉米化工醇为源头的玉米生物化工业,延长产业链,把资源优势转化为经济优势,产值可达千亿元以上,玉米产业将是山西煤炭后主要的生物资源替代产业。

Effect of the Type of Vitis vinifera Cultivation in the Cenophenoresistome and Metabolic Profiling （CLPP） of Edaphic Bacterial Communities

In the present work, bacterial soil communities of different grapevine exploitation samples are studied in order to elucidate the possible influence of different agrarian management techniques （use of fertilizers, irrigation with river water） may have on the rhizospheric microbiome of Vitis vinifera plants. Therefore, it is postulated the Cenophenoresistome as a novel methodology to evaluate complex communities＇ global resistance against different antibiotics, by using and adjusting a serial of techniques traditionally applied to evaluate a monospecific population＇s resistance against antibiotics （Vitek, ATB and disk diffusion methods）. Likewise, the metabolic profile （CLPP： comunity level physiological profile） of bacterial communities is studied by Biolog ECO. In relation to the functional structure of the bacterial communities, it is observed that the metabolic profile （diversity, kinetics and CLPP） of unexploited soils differs from soils under anthropic influence. It is discussed the causes of resistance in the human clinic antibiotic treatment based on the agrarian management, especially with the contamination transmitted by irrigation water, which could be associated with changes in edaphic communities. The results obtained in the present study through two different approaches （Cenophenoresistome and metabolic profiles） are consistent with each other, suggesting that both methods can be good bioindicators of the state of humankind-altered soils that host natural ecosystems. Likewise, the concept of Cenophenoresistome is proposed as a bioindicator of soil response to alteration processes, as well as a possible predictor of its evolution in edaphic remediation processes.

Research on Talent Cultivation Model and Application Based on Mobile Cloud Learning Technology-Taking Innovative Talent Cultivation as an Example

Mobile cloud learning and innovation and entrepreneurship education are undoubtedly one of the hot issues in the current development of human resources and education. At present, domestic colleges and universities still lack the industrialization model and platform that apply theory to practice areas, and apply the new mobile cloud learning technology to the research and practice of innovation and entrepreneurship training.

中国农业的出路

中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)已指日可待,中国农业将面临世界上最发达的资本主义大农业的冲击(有人估计要造成几千万农业劳动人口失业),如何使中国农业在世界贸易组织所建构的规范下持续稳定地发展,必须参照世界现代农业的耕作制度和耕作规模,解决中国农业所面临的耕作制度、土地经营权集中(规模经营)和标准化三大难题.

Exploring Factors Affecting Farmers' Implementation of Wildlife-friendly Farming on Sado Island, Japan

Implementing wildlife-friendly farming （WFF） practices is a sound approach to sustain ecological restoration of farmland. The aims of the study were to explore factors affecting farmers’ implementation of WFF practices on Sado Island, Japan and to consider the policy implications of disseminating such practices. All 5010 farming households on Sado Island, who are distributing rice to Japan Agricultural Cooperatives （JA）, were surveyed. In total, 2231 households responded to the questionnaire （response 44.5%）. By comparing the attitudes, beliefs, and attributes of non-certiifed versus certiifed farmers, we identiifed key factors affecting farmers’ implementation of WFF practices. Compared with non-certified farmers, certified farmers： （i） showed a greater interest in biodiversity and the ifnancial beneifts of WFF; （i） had a larger number of certiifed farmer friends; （ii） felt many more pressures and expectations from consumers, in particular; and （iv） were not hampered by bad labor or farmland conditions when implementing WFF practices. To further disseminate WFF practices in Sado, we suggest that the information on the effectiveness of WFF on paddy ifeld biodiversity is used in public education, and opportunities for interchanging opinions are set up between non-certiifed and certiifed farmers, as wel as between farmers and consumers.

Sulfosulfuron Persistence in Soil Under Different Cultivation Systems of Wheat(Triticum aestivum)

Many sulfonylurea herbicides have been used under a wide variety of agronomic conditions in numerous crops. An understanding of dissipation rate of herbicide is fundamental for predicting the fate of herbicide in soil. In order to study the sulfosulfuron persistence under different cultivation systems of wheat, a four replicated experiment was carried out in the Hashemabad Reaserch Center of Gorgan, Iran in 2010 in a split plot design with two factors. Cultivation system as the main factor consisted of six levels, including conservation tillage by Combinate, no-tillage by Baldan grain drill, conservation tillage by Chizelpacker, conservation tillage by Delta Model, surface tillage by heavy disk, and conventional tillage by moldboard plow and twice disk. Secondary factor included two levels of sulfosulfuron application(with and without sulfosulfuron). Soil samples were taken at 6 stages and soil microbial respiration and soil pH were measured as factors affecting sulfosulfuron persistence. Results showed the least time of sulfosulfuron persistence belonged to the cultivation system of no-tillage by Baldan grain drill with a half-life of 4.62 d. Then, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage with a half-life of 6.30 d and conservation tillage by Delta Model with a half-life of 9.90 d were ordered. The most time of sulfosulfuron persistence(11.55 d) was related to conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. Ninety percent reduction of sulfosulfuron concentration occurred 15.34, 20.92, 32.88, and 36.38 d after sulfosulfuron application, respectively, for no-tillage system, conservation tillage by Combinate and conventional tillage, conservation tillage by Delta Model and surface tillage, and conservation tillage by Chizelpacker. In all the cultivation systems, toxicity symptoms were not observed 40 d after spraying sulfosulfuron onto the tomato plants which were used as test plant. Effects of different cultivation systems on soil microbial respiration were also significant.