桓仁县耕地土壤有机质状况及提升途径

结合桓仁县近25年的土壤有机质分布及变化情况,对土壤有机质含量降低的原因进行分析,并总结了通过实施土壤有机质提升补贴项目对土壤有机质含量的提升效果,并探索其他提高桓仁县土壤肥力的方法,以保证桓仁县种植业健康可持续发展。

新疆昌吉州耕地土壤有机质空间变异动态研究

土壤有机质在提高土壤肥力和作物生产力方面发挥重要作用,研究其空间变异性可为精准施肥以及可持续的土地利用和管理提供科学依据。本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,基于多重分形方法,使用第二次土壤普查(1980年前后)、2010年和2018年共3期土壤有机质数据,计算多重分形参数来探究土壤有机质空间变异的动态。结果表明:①第二次土壤普查—2018年期间,昌吉州土壤有机质含量呈增加趋势。②第二次土壤普查—2018年期间,昌吉州土壤有机质的空间分布总体上具有非均匀的多重分形特征,土壤有机质值域范围逐渐变窄,空间分布变异性降低,趋于均一化。其中阜康市、吉木萨尔县和木垒哈萨克自治县的有机质变异程度在2010—2018年略有上升。③2018年,昌吉州土壤有机质在空间上自西向东值域分布范围逐渐变宽,变异程度增加,内部差异变大,趋向于非均匀化。④三个时期昌吉州土壤有机质数值中均是低值数据分布概率较大,其变异程度高于高值数据,仅阜康市和木垒哈萨克自治县在2018年由高值数据占主导地位。长时间的耕作经营使得土壤有机质含量有所提高,空间分布逐渐趋向均一化,但仍存在部分区域有机质较高,部分区域较低的情况。分区管理措施可以有效提高区域的整体肥力水平,应在阜康市、吉木萨尔县和木垒哈萨克自治县等有机质变异程度较高的区域继续推进精准施肥,改进灌溉和耕作措施以降低土壤有机质空间变异性。

Scenario Analysis of Tillage, Residue and Fertilization Management Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.

Physico-Chemical Properties and Enzyme Activities of the Arable Soils in Lhasa,Tibet,China

An understanding of the physical,chemical,and biological properties of a soil provides a basis for soil use and management.This paper reports the major physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities of the soils of Lhasa's main arable lands and the factors that influence these soil properties.Composite and core samples were taken from the three main arable soil types(alluvial soil,subalpine arable steppe soil,and subalpine arable meadow soil) and were analysed using standard methods.The bulk density and the ventilation porosity ratio of the soils were close to the recommended values for arable lands,and the dominant soil texture was sandy.The soil moisture release rates were arable steppe soil > alluvial soil > arable meadow soil.Soil organic matter content,Cation-Exchange Capacity(CEC),total and available nitrogen content,and catalase activity of the arable meadow soil were higher than those of the alluvial and the arable steppe soils,while soil pH in the arable meadow was lower.Most of the measured properties did not show a significant variance among these three soils.However,the measured indices(apart from the total potassium) indicate that there are notable differences among the three types of soil.The results implied that the utilisation patterns of the arable soil or human activities,such as tillage practices and fertiliser applications,have a substantialeffect on the soil properties in this region.Our results suggest that the cultivation practices in the region have apparently positive impact on the soil organic matter,nutrient contents and bulk density probably due to the sound fertiliser management such as the applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilisers.However,intense cultivation practices lowered the activity of most soil enzymes.The results demonstrate that the choice of soil management strategy had a significant impact on the soil physicochemical and biological properties in the region studied.

Soil Nutrient Variance by Slope Position in a Mollisol Farmland Area of Northeast China

In order to generate scientifically-based comparative information to improve fertilization efficiency and reduce nutrient loss, 610 samples of 122 soil profiles were collected at the 0–60 cm depth to compare soil nutrient contents including soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available phosphorus(AP), and available potassium(AK) among different slope positions in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China. The contents of SOM and TN typically decreased with increased soil depth at back and bottom slope. Soil loss and deposition tended to decrease SOM and TN at the 0–20 cm soil depth on both the back slope and the slope bottom. The TP firstly decreased from 0–20 cm to 30–40 cm, and then not constantly increased at the back slope and the bottom slope. Due to the characteristics of soil nutrients and crop absorption, the contents of both AP and AK were typically the highest at the summit, followed by the slope bottom and the back slope in the 0–20 cm layer. Generally, in order to sustain the high soil productivity and protect the environment, attention should be paid to soil conservation on back slope; in addition, additional N and P fertilizer is necessary on the back slope.