一种新型封装材料的热耗散能力分析与验证

随着器件功率密度的不断提升,散热问题已成为微电子器件封装失效的主要原因之一。金刚石/铜(CuC)复合材料具有较高的热导率,可作为新一代散热材料应用于高功率密度器件的封装中。本文采用有限元分析(FEA)的方法对比了一款功耗为70 W的Ga N器件在应用不同热沉材料封装后的芯片结温和结-壳热阻,采用红外热成像仪测试了该款器件在使用新型金刚石/铜材料和常规的多层复合材料铜-钼铜-铜(Cu-Mo Cu-Cu,CPC)作为热沉后的结-壳热阻。结果表明,相比其他热沉材料,CuC可以大幅度降低芯片结温,在器件正常工作的条件下,采用CuC热沉材料的芯片热阻较采用CPC热沉材料的芯片热阻低19.74%,CuC热沉的热耗散能力高达4 464 W/cm^2。

耗散结构视域下虚拟经济的非稳态性探讨

虚拟经济是一个具有耗散结构的复杂系统。通过构建开放型国家经济系统的耗散结构模型,探讨发达国家和发展中国家的虚拟经济子系统、实体经济子系统和整个经济系统的非稳态性问题。结果表明,经济系统的稳定性与系统的耗散能力正相关,耗散能力越强则系统越稳定,反之则越不稳定;一国经济系统耗散能力的强弱,既取决于经济系统所能容纳的最佳资本与商品量,又取决于经济系统与外界交换资本与商品的状况。

耗散结构理论视角下潜水专业人才国际化能力培养研究

在全球经济一体化和文化多样化的背景下,高等教育国际化是大势所趋,在教学内容与方法上遵循国际要求,培养具有国际竞争能力的人才显得尤为重要。本研究以亚洲潜水学院潜水人才培养为个案,从耗散结构理论视角出发,分析自组织系统下潜水人才国际化能力培养的四个基本条件,分析系统的开放性、远离平衡态、系统内部各个子系统之间有非线性相互作用以及涨落现象,以期对我国潜水人才培养的改革与创新提供新思路,对发展和完善我国潜水人才国际化能力培养具有一定的启发意义。

由滞回曲线的形态特征分析冻结黏土的动力特性

利用滞回曲线研究冻结黏土的动力学特性。结果表明,当土体温度为-0.5℃^-4℃、荷载频率为1~10 Hz时,随温度的降低和动荷载振动频率的增加,冻结黏土的刚度逐渐增大,黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力逐渐减小,当土中温度低于-4℃或荷载频率高于10 Hz时,土的动力特性变化不明显;随动应力幅值的增大,刚度逐渐减小,黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力逐渐增大;相同动应力幅值下,刚度、黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力受温度影响最大,围压影响最小,频率影响居中;试验温度、频率和围压三因素对冻结黏土的细观损伤程度和塑性变形能力影响程度最大,对黏滞性和耗能能力的影响程度基本相同,位于第二,对刚度的影响程度最小。

Load-bearing characteristics and energy evolution of fractured rock masses after granite and sandstone grouting

Experiments on grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features were carried out in this study to examine the effects of grouting reinforcement on the load-bearing characteristics of fractured rock mass.The strength and deformation features of grouting-reinforced rock mass were analyzed under different loading manners;the energy evolution mechanism of grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features was investigated;the energy dissipation ratio and post-peak stress decreasing rate were employed to evaluate the bearing stability of grouting-reinforced rock mass.The results show that the strength and ductility of granite-reinforced rock mass(GRM)under biaxial loading are higher than that of sandstone-reinforced rock mass(SRM)under uniaxial loading.Besides,the energy evolution characteristics of grouting-reinforced rock mass under uniaxial and biaxial loading mainly could be divided into early,middle,and late stages.In the early stage,total,elastic,and dissipation energies were quite small with flatter curves;in the middle stage,elastic energy increased rapidly,whereas dissipation energy increased slowly;in the late stage,dissipation energy increased sharply.The energy dissipation ratio was used to represent the pre-peak plastic deformation.Under uniaxial loading,this ratio increased as the particle size increased and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became larger;under biaxial loading,it dropped as the particle size increased,and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became smaller.The post-peak stress decline rate A_(v) was used to assess the post-peak bearing performance of grouting-reinforced rock mass.Under uniaxial loading,parameter A_(v) exhibited reduction as the particle size kept increasing,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was greater,and the bearing capacity was greater;under biaxial loading,A_(v) increased with the particle size,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was low and the bearing capacity was reduced.The findings are considered instrumental in improving the stability of the roadway-surrounding rock by granite and sandstone grouting.

Mechanical response and dilatancy characteristics of deep marble under different stress paths:A sight from energy dissipation

Dilatancy is a fundamental volumetric growth behavior observed during loading and serves as a key index to comprehending the intricate nonlinear behavior and constitutive equation structure of rock.This study focuses on Jinping marble obtained from the Jinping Underground Laboratory in China at a depth of 2400 m.Various uniaxial and triaxial tests at different strain rates,along with constant confining pressure tests and reduced confining pressure tests under different confining pressures were conducted to analyze the mechanical response and dilatancy characteristics of the marble under four stress paths.Subsequently,a new empirical dilatancy coefficient is proposed based on the energy dissipation method.The results show that brittle failure characteristics of marble under uniaxial compression are more obvious with the strain rate increasing,and plastic failure characteristics of marble under triaxial compression are gradually strengthened.Furthermore,compared to the constant confining pressure,the volume expansion is relatively lower under unloading condition.The energy dissipation is closely linked to the process of dilatancy,with a rapid increase of dissipated energy coinciding with the beginning of dilatancy.A new empirical dilatancy coefficient is defined according to the change trend of energy dissipation rate curve,of which change trend is consistent with the actual dilatancy response in marble under different stress paths.The existing empirical and theoretical dilatancy models are analyzed,which shows that the empirical dilatancy coefficient based on the energy background is more universal.

植物避免强光伤害的机制

本文从植物通过代谢耗能、提高热耗散能力、进行状态转换和光系统Ⅱ失活与修复等四方面,阐述了植物避免强光伤害的机制。

有关钢筋混凝土宽梁柱连接的振动台试验

钢筋混凝土宽梁柱连接适用于中度地震区,其抗震性能现在很少有人研究。本实验研究的是在横向地震荷载下现有的这种连接在试验中的滞回特性和极限能量损耗能力。试验中按2∶3构建模型,在振动台上进行测试直到试件破坏。试验中外部连接表现为强柱弱梁,内部连接则表现为弱柱强梁。在加载的各个区域外部连接和内部连接的平均极限能量耗损能力分别为6和5。

Effects of internal tidal dissipation and self-attraction and loading on semidiurnal tides in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea： a numerical study

A parameterized internal tide dissipation term and self-attraction and loading(SAL) tide term are introduced in a barotropic numerical model to investigate the dynamics of semidiurnal tidal constituents M_2 and S_2 in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea(BYECS). The optimal parameters for bottom friction and internal dissipation are obtained through a series of numerical computations. Numerical simulation shows that the tide-generating force contributes 1.2% of M_2 power for the entire BYECS and up to 2.8% for the East China Sea deep basin. SAL tide contributes 4.4% of M_2 power for the BYECS and up to 9.3% for the East China Sea deep basin. Bottom friction plays a major role in dissipating tidal energy in the shelf regions, and the internal tide eff ect is important in the deep water regions. Numerical experiments show that artifi cial removal of tide-generating force in the BYECS can cause a signifi cant dif ference(as much as 30 cm) in model output. Artifi cial removal of SAL tide in the BYECS can cause even greater diff erence, up to 40 cm. This indicates that SAL tide should be taken into account in numerical simulations, especially if the tide-generating force is considered.

Low cyclic fatigue performance of concrete-filled steel tube columns

Eight concrete-filled steel tubular(CFT) columns were tested subjected to cyclic loading under constant axial load. Experimental parameters included axial compression ratio, loading sequences, and strength of concrete and steel. The seismic performance of CFT columns and failure modes were analyzed. The test results show that different axial load ratios and loading sequences have effects on the load carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of CFT columns, as well as the failure modes of the CFT columns. The failure pattern can be categorized into two types: local buckling failure of steel tube in compression zone, and low cycle fatigue tearing rupture failure of steel tube. The seismic behavior was evaluated through the energy index obtained from each cycle.

Energy dissipation through wind-generated breaking waves

Wave breaking is an important process that controls turbulence properties and fluxes of heat and mass in the upper oceanic layer.A model is described for energy dissipation per unit area at the ocean surface attributed to wind-generated breaking waves,in terms of ratio of energy dissipation to energy input,windgenerated wave spectrum,and wave growth rate.Also advanced is a vertical distribution model of turbulent kinetic energy,based on an exponential distribution method.The result shows that energy dissipation rate depends heavily on wind speed and sea state.Our results agree well with predictions of previous works.

Oblique Wave Motion over Multiple Submerged Porous Bars near a Vertical Wall

This study examines oblique wave motion over multiple submerged porous bars in front of a vertical wall. Based on linear potential theory, an analytical solution for the present problem is developed using matched eigenfunction expansions. A complex dispersion relation is adopted to describe the wave elevation and energy dissipation over submerged porous bars. In the analytical solution, no limitations on the bar number, bar size, and spacing between adjacent bars are set. The convergence of the analytical solution is satisfactory, and the correctness of the analytical solution is confirmed by an independently developed multi-domain BEM （boundary element method） solution. Numerical examples are presented to examine the reflection and transmission coefficients of porous bars, CR and Cv, respectively, for engineering applications. The calculation results show that when the sum of widths for all the porous bars is fixed, increasing the bar number can significantly improve the sheltering function of the bars. Increasing the bar height can cause more wave energy dissipation and lower CR and Cr. The spacing between adjacent bars and the spacing between the last bar and the vertical wall are the key parameters affecting CR and Ct. The proposed analytical method may be used to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of submerged porous bars in preliminary engineering designs.

The research and practice of major technological issues on design of Three Gorges Project

The dam of Three Gorges Project is characterized by large flood discharge capacity,more outlets,complicated flood discharge and energy dissipation structure,and the stability of the bank powerhouse dam foundation is endangered by large gentle-dip structural plane of the bedrock due to the deep excavation of powerhouse at the dam-toe.For the dam body concrete,the durability requirement is high and the temperature control and crack prevention are difficult.The practical experience which could be used for reference in the design and construction of asphalt concrete core wall for Maopingxi protective earth-rock dam is scarce.The power station operates with high water head and large head variation.The type selection of penstock and intake as well as the embedding way of spiral case are complicated in technique,and the tailrace tunnel with sloping ceiling of underground power plant is arranged instead of traditional tailrace surge tank.For the double-line five-step ship-lock,the design of fully lined ship-lock,high head delivery system and large-sized miter gates and hoists is very challenging due to high operation head,complicated delivery conditions and building in deep excavated rock.The preferred solutions,optimal schemes and technical measures for various structures,as well as the innovation achievements proved by practice are highlighted.

Passive control experiment of building with spacious first story by magnet-friction energy dissipation device

Based on the former performance capacity experiments of the magnet-friction energy dissipation devices, including the permanent magnet-friction energy dissipation device (PMF) and electromagnet-friction energy dissipation devices (EMF), a 5-story steel frame model with spacious first story is designed and made according to a scale of 1/4. The magnet-friction energy dissipation devices can realize continuously varied controlling force, with rapid response and reverse recognition. Therefore, they overcome shortcomings usually found in energy dissipation devices whose force models are invariable. The two kinds of devices were fixed on the flexible first story of the structure model, and the shaking table tests have been carried out, respectively. In these tests, the performance of the devices and their effectiveness in structural control were confirmed. In this paper, the test results and analysis are discussed.

CRB550级箍筋混凝土梁的抗震性能对比试验

为揭示CRB550级箍筋混凝土梁的抗震性能,按等强度准则设计了18个不同纵筋配筋率、箍筋强度等级、箍筋直径的钢筋混凝土梁构件,并对其进行低周反复作用下的拟静力试验,分组对比分析骨架曲线、延性和耗能性能.结果表明:a.在箍筋强度相等的前提下,较小直径CRB550配箍的混凝土梁试件与满足规范最小直径的HPB235配箍的混凝土梁试件相比,在纵向筋配筋率中等和偏大情况下延性要好,在纵向配筋率偏小的情况下延性稍弱但相差不大,两者承载力相差不大;b.在能量耗散方面,各对比组中按等强原则采用较小直径CRB550配箍的混凝土梁试件与对应的HPB235,HPB335配箍的混凝土梁试件的等效黏滞阻尼系数基本相同,归一化总滞回耗能也相差无几,都具有很好的耗能能力.

Effect of tensor force on dissipation dynamics in time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory

The role of tensor force on the collision dynamics of16O+16O is investigated in the framework of a fully three-dimensional timedependent Hartree-Fock theory.The calculations are performed with modern Skyrme energy functional plus tensor terms.Particular attention is given on the analysis of dissipation dynamics in heavy-ion collisions.The energy dissipation is found to decrease as an initial bombarding energy increases in deep-inelastic collisions for all the Skyrme parameter sets studied here because of the competition between the collective motion and the single-particle degrees of freedom.We reveal that the tensor forces may either enhance or reduce the energy dissipation depending on the different parameter sets.The fusion cross section without tensor force overestimates the experimental value by about 25%,while the calculation with tensor force T11 has good agreement with experimental cross section.

Conversion potential energy and its application to thermodynamic optimization

In general,heat transfers can be classified into two categories according to the purposes of object heating or cooling and the heat to work conversion.Recently,a new physical quantity,entransy(or potential energy),was proposed to describe the ability of heat transfer with the former purpose.This paper addresses the concept of potential energy in terms of the heat transfer processes for the latter purpose,named the conversion potential energy.The physical meaning of this newly introduced concept is the potential energy for the heat to work conversion stored in the equivalent mass of heat(thermomass) derived on the basis of the Einstein's special theory of relativity.The dissipation of conversion potential energy occurs during the real irreversible heat to work conversion processes as a measure of the conversion irreversibility.Finally,a heat to work conversion problem of a heat exchanger group is provided to show that the minimum conversion potential energy dissipation rate can be used as an optimization criterion for the heat transfer performance with the purpose of the heat to work conversion.