从汉军职缺缩减试析雍正朝行政困境

雍正朝为解决八旗满洲生计,而采取缩减汉军职缺措施。这背离了雍正帝"满洲、汉军、汉人俱视为一体"的政治主张。实行的结果是满官稍增,但不能从根本上解决满洲生计问题,却造成汉军、汉人官员仕途壅滞,产生更为严重的吏治恶果。这种行政困境主要是因为清朝固守八旗制度而解决满洲就业问题造成的。

清前期文官职缺之分配及其变化

职缺分配制度,是清朝统治者统治策略和人事管理理念的集中体现,随着形势的变化逐渐调整。入关之初,为保障和均衡以满族为主体的旗人的入仕权益,笼络汉人巩固统治,将职缺分为旗人官缺和汉缺,并将旗人官缺分为旗缺、翼缺和公缺。这种划分职缺的方式,对于清初政权的稳固起到重要作用,但也造成冗员众多,官员素质低下。为解决这一弊端,清廷一方面将汉军缺裁并汉缺,提高行政效率,另一方面将旗缺、翼缺改为公缺,提高官员的素质,使职缺分配制度确定下来。

Analysis of fund gap on enterprise worker＇ s basic endowment insurance in Hebei province

Using actuarial techniques, the study estimates the fired gap of pooling account and individual account respectively on on enterprise worker＇ s basic endowment insurance in Hebei province. And based on the estimation, the study puts forward four policy suggestions： expand the coverage of the pension scheme; revised the number of months oft he annuities; increase the level of interest; improve financial support.