One of the phenomena that marked 20th century is rapid technology progress. This process did not avoid food production and processing. Thanks to rapid development of technology, there has been a development of convent...One of the phenomena that marked 20th century is rapid technology progress. This process did not avoid food production and processing. Thanks to rapid development of technology, there has been a development of conventional food production, as well as appearance of genetically modified food. As a consequence of this trend, as well as the concern among some part of human population for their health, we had the return to natural food production in the form of the development of organic food production. One of the characteristics of organic food market in the European Union is the constant growth of demand for this product group, and insufficient quantities of organic products available in this market. These information led to the conclusion that organic food represents an opportunity for less developed countries, i.e., that countries like Serbia can manufacture and sale these products on the market with the highest purchasing power in the world--the European Union market. In this paper, the characteristics of demand for organic foods in the European Union were presented, then it was explained in detail why are these products export chance of Serbia, as well as reasons why is the export of organic food from Serbia to the EU very low at the time being. At the end, some recommendations that could help Serbia to increase export of organic product to EU countries were proposed.展开更多
Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad o...Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad or good is the situation there？＂ and ＂what is the expectation about the future of the region？＂ Like other countries around the world, the MENA oil exporters, comprised of Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen were adversely affected by the global crisis. The MENA oil exporters are recently recovering from their recession in 2009 when the global crisis was felt intensively there. GDP in the region has grown by 3.5 percent in 2010 after a low growth of 0.7 percent in 2009. The average real GDP growth excluding Libya is projected to reach 4.9 percent in 2011. Two developments mark the outlook： the unrest in the region and the surge in global fuel and food prices. For most oil exporters, the expected increase in oil prices and production volumes will lead to higher growth in 2011 and stronger fiscal and external balances, notwithstanding recent increases in government spending. The oil exporters＇ combined external current account surplus is estimated to increase. The effects of the political events in Tunisia and Egypt have spread in varying degrees to the MENA oil exporters in the region, and many of these countries are responding with public spending and job-creation measures to alleviate social tensions. The social unrest also highlights the need to pursue fundamental economic reforms--social policy, fiscal management, governance, business environment, labor markets, and financial sector access to facilitate more inclusive economic growth. While the MENA countries are generally divided into two sub-regions such as ＂oil exporters＂ and ＂oil importers＂ in the economic literature, the authors will deal with only the MENA oil exporters in this work. The negative effects of the global crisis in these countries on growth, inflation, current account balance, budget balance, and finally financial sector will be reviewed in this work and the expectations and the developments which occurred after the crisis in these countries will be dealt with especially in the context of the IMF reports.展开更多
In contrast to inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells （OSCs） show advantages such as low cost, light weight, and flexi- bility. In fact, the most attractive feature of OSCs is that they could be produced in larg...In contrast to inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells （OSCs） show advantages such as low cost, light weight, and flexi- bility. In fact, the most attractive feature of OSCs is that they could be produced in large scale and at low cost by roll-to-roll printing, just like printing newspapers, which does not in- volve complicated and high-cost procedures that are required in the production of inorganic solar cells. It is this fascinat- ing feature that has drawn great attention on the OSC study during the past two decades.展开更多
文摘One of the phenomena that marked 20th century is rapid technology progress. This process did not avoid food production and processing. Thanks to rapid development of technology, there has been a development of conventional food production, as well as appearance of genetically modified food. As a consequence of this trend, as well as the concern among some part of human population for their health, we had the return to natural food production in the form of the development of organic food production. One of the characteristics of organic food market in the European Union is the constant growth of demand for this product group, and insufficient quantities of organic products available in this market. These information led to the conclusion that organic food represents an opportunity for less developed countries, i.e., that countries like Serbia can manufacture and sale these products on the market with the highest purchasing power in the world--the European Union market. In this paper, the characteristics of demand for organic foods in the European Union were presented, then it was explained in detail why are these products export chance of Serbia, as well as reasons why is the export of organic food from Serbia to the EU very low at the time being. At the end, some recommendations that could help Serbia to increase export of organic product to EU countries were proposed.
文摘Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad or good is the situation there？＂ and ＂what is the expectation about the future of the region？＂ Like other countries around the world, the MENA oil exporters, comprised of Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen were adversely affected by the global crisis. The MENA oil exporters are recently recovering from their recession in 2009 when the global crisis was felt intensively there. GDP in the region has grown by 3.5 percent in 2010 after a low growth of 0.7 percent in 2009. The average real GDP growth excluding Libya is projected to reach 4.9 percent in 2011. Two developments mark the outlook： the unrest in the region and the surge in global fuel and food prices. For most oil exporters, the expected increase in oil prices and production volumes will lead to higher growth in 2011 and stronger fiscal and external balances, notwithstanding recent increases in government spending. The oil exporters＇ combined external current account surplus is estimated to increase. The effects of the political events in Tunisia and Egypt have spread in varying degrees to the MENA oil exporters in the region, and many of these countries are responding with public spending and job-creation measures to alleviate social tensions. The social unrest also highlights the need to pursue fundamental economic reforms--social policy, fiscal management, governance, business environment, labor markets, and financial sector access to facilitate more inclusive economic growth. While the MENA countries are generally divided into two sub-regions such as ＂oil exporters＂ and ＂oil importers＂ in the economic literature, the authors will deal with only the MENA oil exporters in this work. The negative effects of the global crisis in these countries on growth, inflation, current account balance, budget balance, and finally financial sector will be reviewed in this work and the expectations and the developments which occurred after the crisis in these countries will be dealt with especially in the context of the IMF reports.
文摘In contrast to inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells （OSCs） show advantages such as low cost, light weight, and flexi- bility. In fact, the most attractive feature of OSCs is that they could be produced in large scale and at low cost by roll-to-roll printing, just like printing newspapers, which does not in- volve complicated and high-cost procedures that are required in the production of inorganic solar cells. It is this fascinat- ing feature that has drawn great attention on the OSC study during the past two decades.
