Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two...Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two world wars was abandoned and it was intended to dominate world politics. Likewise, it can be considered as the smoking gun for power loss of continental Europe, including England, against the Soviet Union. When Turkey had to find its way into Western alliance in this new period divided into two poles and called as ＂Cold War＂, it intended to enter into economic acquis formed by Marshall Plan. Turkey, in the process to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union that started mainly by Truman Doctrine, was of the first priority status by the USA just like Greece. It can be said that Turkish economy made an important progress to move into liberal system from its statist structure through Marshall Plan. Accession process to European Union integration mandated by the USA was started by Republican People＇s Party （CHP） and it was also continued in Democratic Party period with liberal program that took over the power as a result of elections in Turkey. Although Marshall Plan created economic added value in Turkey at the beginning, it could not create a sustainable welfare process as consultants coming from the USA had insisted on unilateral economic policies and Turkey was directed towards military spending due to being seen mainly as a buffer state against the Soviet Union and Middle East. It can be also said that arrangements arising from double standards in the application compared to European countries caused economic instabilities in the long run.展开更多
Do Eurozone＇s countries converge or diverge over time？ In this paper, the issue of the Eurozone cohesion is analyzed, with emphasis on the North-South axis. The dynamics of 10 economic variables covered the general ...Do Eurozone＇s countries converge or diverge over time？ In this paper, the issue of the Eurozone cohesion is analyzed, with emphasis on the North-South axis. The dynamics of 10 economic variables covered the general performance （GDP, consumption）, price environment （prices and interest rates）, both public and private financial variables and competitiveness （real effective exchange rates, unit labor costs etc.）. The complex analysis of the data indicates that whereas in the most of analyzed variables neither convergence nor divergence can be identified, in the all important competitiveness area the long term divergence between the North and the South of the Eurozone is undeniable. Unless addressed, this dynamics may constitute significant, and perhaps ultimate, threats to the Eurozone cohesion and perhaps to its existence.展开更多
Small and medium enterprises are the main institutional medium of the European economy. This is also recognized by the government of the Republic of Croatia, which emphasizes their importance and values their dynamism...Small and medium enterprises are the main institutional medium of the European economy. This is also recognized by the government of the Republic of Croatia, which emphasizes their importance and values their dynamism and capability for revitalizing the Croatian economy, and supports this by ways of subsidies. But, for all the effort, the economic position of small and medium enterprises in the terms of globalization is becoming more complex and uncertain, limited by time and more demanding. This does not correspond with the thesis which states that in the environment and conditions of the modem market economy, which is dynamised by progress in science, technology, information and communication, entrepreneurship has manifested a progressive dimension with the character and needs of all economic activity, as well as a tendency to achieve set objectives and generate change. Recently, after the repeated recession, which was encumbered by the effects of the one before, the conditions of doing business and survival for small and medium enterprises have changed significantly in a negative sense. So, there is a justified cause for questioning earlier stances about small and medium enterprises and their capability to be a motor of development of the Croatian economy, as well as to reevaluate their influence in the context of GDP growth, to focus on the importance and prevalence of certain sectors of the economy, to critically evaluate economic measures which do not lead to a reduction in unemployment and to define the requirements for future development of the small and medium enterprises, which implicates the increased economic efficiency, quality and living standards.展开更多
With respect to multichoice games with a coalition structure,a coalitional value named the generalized symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value is defined,which is an extension of the Shapley value for multichoice games an...With respect to multichoice games with a coalition structure,a coalitional value named the generalized symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value is defined,which is an extension of the Shapley value for multichoice games and the symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value for traditional games with a coalition structure.Two axiomatic systems are established:One is enlightened by the characterizations for the symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value,and the other is inspired by the characterizations for the Banzhaf value.展开更多
文摘Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two world wars was abandoned and it was intended to dominate world politics. Likewise, it can be considered as the smoking gun for power loss of continental Europe, including England, against the Soviet Union. When Turkey had to find its way into Western alliance in this new period divided into two poles and called as ＂Cold War＂, it intended to enter into economic acquis formed by Marshall Plan. Turkey, in the process to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union that started mainly by Truman Doctrine, was of the first priority status by the USA just like Greece. It can be said that Turkish economy made an important progress to move into liberal system from its statist structure through Marshall Plan. Accession process to European Union integration mandated by the USA was started by Republican People＇s Party （CHP） and it was also continued in Democratic Party period with liberal program that took over the power as a result of elections in Turkey. Although Marshall Plan created economic added value in Turkey at the beginning, it could not create a sustainable welfare process as consultants coming from the USA had insisted on unilateral economic policies and Turkey was directed towards military spending due to being seen mainly as a buffer state against the Soviet Union and Middle East. It can be also said that arrangements arising from double standards in the application compared to European countries caused economic instabilities in the long run.
文摘Do Eurozone＇s countries converge or diverge over time？ In this paper, the issue of the Eurozone cohesion is analyzed, with emphasis on the North-South axis. The dynamics of 10 economic variables covered the general performance （GDP, consumption）, price environment （prices and interest rates）, both public and private financial variables and competitiveness （real effective exchange rates, unit labor costs etc.）. The complex analysis of the data indicates that whereas in the most of analyzed variables neither convergence nor divergence can be identified, in the all important competitiveness area the long term divergence between the North and the South of the Eurozone is undeniable. Unless addressed, this dynamics may constitute significant, and perhaps ultimate, threats to the Eurozone cohesion and perhaps to its existence.
文摘Small and medium enterprises are the main institutional medium of the European economy. This is also recognized by the government of the Republic of Croatia, which emphasizes their importance and values their dynamism and capability for revitalizing the Croatian economy, and supports this by ways of subsidies. But, for all the effort, the economic position of small and medium enterprises in the terms of globalization is becoming more complex and uncertain, limited by time and more demanding. This does not correspond with the thesis which states that in the environment and conditions of the modem market economy, which is dynamised by progress in science, technology, information and communication, entrepreneurship has manifested a progressive dimension with the character and needs of all economic activity, as well as a tendency to achieve set objectives and generate change. Recently, after the repeated recession, which was encumbered by the effects of the one before, the conditions of doing business and survival for small and medium enterprises have changed significantly in a negative sense. So, there is a justified cause for questioning earlier stances about small and medium enterprises and their capability to be a motor of development of the Croatian economy, as well as to reevaluate their influence in the context of GDP growth, to focus on the importance and prevalence of certain sectors of the economy, to critically evaluate economic measures which do not lead to a reduction in unemployment and to define the requirements for future development of the small and medium enterprises, which implicates the increased economic efficiency, quality and living standards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71201089,71201110,71271217,and 71271029the Natural Science Foundation Youth Project of Shandong Province,China under Grant No.ZR2012GQ005+1 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No.20111101110036the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China under Grant No.NCET-12-0541
文摘With respect to multichoice games with a coalition structure,a coalitional value named the generalized symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value is defined,which is an extension of the Shapley value for multichoice games and the symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value for traditional games with a coalition structure.Two axiomatic systems are established:One is enlightened by the characterizations for the symmetric coalitional Banzhaf value,and the other is inspired by the characterizations for the Banzhaf value.
