太阳能热发电技术在国内外的应用

一太阳能热发电的比较优势 太阳能热发电是通过聚光技术、蓄热技术和常规发电技术的结合，产生电力输出的技术。具有技术相对成熟、发电成本较低及对电网冲击小等优点（图1为美国加州同一地区和同一时间的太阳能光伏和热发电的输出负荷曲线），是可再生能源发电中最有前途的发电方式之一。其热功率转换部分与常规火力发电机组相同，有成熟的技术可资利用，因此特别适用于大规模化利用。

AMONIX公司集成高效率聚光硅太阳电池发电系统简介

Amonix公司研发的集成高效率聚光硅太阳电池发电系统(IHCPV),是目前世界上最领先的光伏发电技术。该系统的核心技术是,在10mm2点接触绒面硅太阳电池的光电转换效率高达25%～27%;所使用的聚光式费涅耳透镜由普通丙烯酸塑料模压制而成,制造简单,价格相对比较便宜;使用GPS卫星定位系统和光敏定向系统确保双轴液压自动跟踪,精度比较准确;采用了良好的自然散热系统。该光伏方阵在风力大于56km/h,能自动调正到水平位置,并具有自动清雪功能,除尘方式简单。Amonix公司额定峰值功率为25kWp的发电系统,每年发电量为60000～70000kWh,在美国阿里桑那州已经进行了长达12年的运行实验,实验效果良好。若在中国生产IHCPV系统,成本会比在美国生产低得多。当生产规模达到100MWp时,太阳能电池的售价可望降到每峰瓦1个多美元,如果实现这个目标,其电价与现在的火力发电基本持平。该公司已于2004年同北京先腾科技有限公司携手开发中国市场。

新的聚光方法可能具有红外应用

据www．physorg．com网站报道，美国圣地亚国家实验室、新墨西哥大学等单位的研究人员在最近出版的一期《物理评论快报》（Physiacl Review Letters）上联合发表了一篇与其研究新的聚光技术有关的文章。该文章认为，在有效的光功率聚集中，透射光的量要比基于光行进时穿过的小孔的面积所预测的量大。这种现象于1998年首次得到论证，

东京大学风险企业开发出利用大量反光镜聚光的新型太阳能发电系统

东京大学设立的风险企业SmartSolarInternational开发出了使用新型聚光技术的光伏发电系统。利用该系统可将设置成本降至目前的一半左右。例如，每MW的设置成本可从现有光伏发电系统的约3亿日元降至1．5～2亿日元。

“梅花聚能管”实现太阳能技术革命性突破

科学合理地利用能源，提高能源利用效率，对节能减排也十分重要。北京天普太阳能工业有限公司推出自主研发的“异形内管真空集热器”通过曲面聚光技术大幅度增加真空管聚光及采光面积，从而提高热效率。据专家测算，由于曲面真空管大幅度增加了采光面积，其热效率能提升一个量级。因内管管壁造型酷似梅花，所以被命名为“梅花聚能管”。

未来展望——FSI和BSI图像传感器技术

过去30年中,聚光技术和半导体制造工艺的创新对图像传感器像素技术产生了重大影响。例如,最初便携式摄像机采用的图像传感器为25微米像素,而如今,手机相机中传感器的像素尺寸只有1.4微米。

提高光伏发电效率的现状及发展趋势

作为太阳能发电的主要的发电方式,太阳能光伏发电能否提高光电转换效率、经济高效地利用太阳能是首先要解决的问题。文章介绍了国内外相继出现了三种方法来提高太阳能光伏发电效率:光强跟踪技术、聚光技术和最大功率跟踪(MPPT)技术,并对三种方法进行了介绍和比较。

硅N^+PP^+太阳电池工艺

当前所用的太阳电池,由于成本高、效率低,还不能普及推广应用。本文吸收已有的研究成果,并根据多年的半导体生产实践经验,提出比较成熟的硅N+PP+太阳电池的工艺、技术方案。 (一)元件构造硅N^+PP^+太阳电池元件的构造如图1所示。 (1)基片:选取直径为20—28毫米的P型硅单晶薄片,厚度为200—250微米,电阻率为ρ=0.3—10欧姆·厘米。

获取高温太阳热研究将在我市形成太阳能应用产业长链

由天津大学承担的“用条形平面镜聚光获取高温太阳热的中试研究及示范工程”项目通过了天津市科学技术委员会组织的科技成果鉴定，专家认为达到国际领先水平。

Femtosecond-laser direct writing 3D micro/nano-lithography using VIS-light oscillator

Here we report a femtosecond laser direct writing(a precise 3D printing also known as two-photon polymerization lithography) of hybrid organic-inorganic SZ2080^(TM)pre-polymer without using any photo-initiator and applying ~100 fs oscillator operating at 517 nm wavelength and 76 MHz repetition rate. The proof of concept was experimentally demonstrated and benchmarking 3D woodpile nanostructures, micro-scaffolds, free-form micro-object “Benchy” and bulk micro-cubes are successfully produced. The essential novelty underlies the fact that non-amplified laser systems delivering just 40-500 p J individual pulses are sufficient for inducing localized cross-linking reactions within hundreds of nanometers in cross sections. And it is opposed to the prejudice that higher pulse energies and lower repetition rates of amplified lasers are necessary for structuring non-photosensitized polymers. The experimental work is of high importance for fundamental understanding of laser enabled nanoscale 3D additive manufacturing and widens technology’ s field of applications where the avoidance of photo-initiator is preferable or is even a necessity, such as micro-optics, nano-photonics, and biomedicine.

Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication with Cluster State and Bell-Basis Measurements

We present a novel protocol for deterministic secure quantum communication by using the lour-qubit cluster state as quantum channel. It is shown that two legitimate users can directly transmit the secret messages based on Bellbasis measurements and classical communication. The present protocol makes use of the ideas of block transmission and decoy particle checking technique. It has a high capacity as each cluster state can carry two 5its of information, and has a high intrinsic efficieney 5ecause almost all the instances except the decoy checking particles （its numSer is negligible） are useful. Furthermore, this protocol is feasible with present-day technique.

Independent component analysis approach for fault diagnosis of condenser system in thermal power plant

A statistical signal processing technique was proposed and verified as independent component analysis(ICA) for fault detection and diagnosis of industrial systems without exact and detailed model.Actually,the aim is to utilize system as a black box.The system studied is condenser system of one of MAPNA's power plants.At first,principal component analysis(PCA) approach was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the real acquired data set and to identify the essential and useful ones.Then,the fault sources were diagnosed by ICA technique.The results show that ICA approach is valid and effective for faults detection and diagnosis even in noisy states,and it can distinguish main factors of abnormality among many diverse parts of a power plant's condenser system.This selectivity problem is left unsolved in many plants,because the main factors often become unnoticed by fault expansion through other parts of the plants.

Isotope Migration Studies in Polypropylene Using Ablative Laser Technology （ICP-MS）

Uneven distribution of minor metals and migration of isotopes in polymeric material （polypropylene） - originating under certain physical and chemical conditions-could possibly affect the stability and bio-compatibility of such material. Unusually high levels of embedded surface metal isotopes from migration effects could affect studies such as tissue engineering and biospecific adhesion of cells to polymeric surfaces. There is, therefore, a general need to know the distribution of metal isotopes in such polymeric materials. We have developed an ultrasensitive technique for assessing the isotopic distribution in polymer matrices, and studying migration of metal isotopes. The technique uses laser ablation linked to an ICP-MS instrument. It is semi-quantitative and capable of high-resolution detection over a wide range of elemental levels. Polymers usually contain catalytic residues and other minor metal impurities. Some of the isotopes of these metals migrate to the surface, while others remain embedded deep in the polymeric product. Such unwanted metallic residues and isotopes could be a potential hazard, and ablative laser technology has the ability to study homogeneity of such distributions in the polymer matrix. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to explore the potential of our method for studying isotope migration using suitable polypropylene samples.

光伏电池温度对太阳能CPVT系统性能的影响

基于碟式聚光型光热光电综合利用技术(CPVT)系统的数学模型,推导系统集热效率与总能量效率关于电池温度的偏导数,从理论上分析电池温度对系统性能的影响规律.基于集热效率关于电池温度的偏导数,提出电池临界温度T crit的概念,其与对流传热系数、PV板发射率和聚光比相关.当电池温度T PV>T crit时,系统集热效率随电池温度升高而减小,T PV<T crit时,系统集热效率随电池温度升高而增大.通过模拟考察了不同风速、PV板发射率和聚光器面积情况下,系统性能随导热流体入口温度的变化趋势,验证了理论分析的结论.

Dyeing of Polypropylene Fibers with Vat Dyes

Polypropylene fibers have been extensively used in a variety of/products, including carpets and upholstery, due to their non-absorbency, good weather resistance, good resistance to macroorgamsms and so on. Because of their hydrophobic and highly crystalline nature, those well-established conventionai dyeing processes are difficult to apply to unmodified polypropylene. Colors of polypropylene fibers are primarily obtained by mass coloration which has the disadvantages of limited number of colors available and difficulties in inventory control due to the rapidly changing color needs of the market. In this paper, the use of vat dyes to dye polypropylene fabrics is investigated. Seventeen vat dyes were screened and factors influencing uptake of dyes by polypropylene fabrics were studied.

Single DNA Condensation Induced by Hexammine Cobalt with Molecular Combing

We investigated the interaction between DNA and hexammine cobalt III [Co（NH3）6]3＋ by a simple molecular combing method and dynamic light scattering. The average extension of A- DNA-YOYO-1 complex is found to be 20.9μm, about 30% longer than the contour length of the DNA in TE buffer （10 mmol/L Tris, 1 mmol/L EDTA, pH=8.0）, due to bis-intercalation of YOYO-1. A multivalent cation, hexammine cobalt, is used for DNA condensation. We find that the length of DNA-[Co（NH3）6]3＋ complexes decrease from 20.9 μm to 5.9μm as the concentration of the [Co（NH3）6]3＋ vary from 0 to 3 μmol/L. This observation provides a direct visualization of single DNA condensation induced by hexammine cobalt. The results from the molecular combing studies are supported by dynamic light scattering investigation, where the average hydrodynamic radius of the DNA complex decreases from 203.8 nm to 39.26 nm under the same conditions. It shows that the molecular combing method is feasible for quantitative conformation characterization of single bio-macromolecules.

Concentrating Solar Power in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa： Achieving Its Potential

CSP （concentrating solar power） is a commercially available renewable energy technology capable of harnessing the immense solar resource in southern Europe, the MENA region （Middle East and North Africa）, and elsewhere. This paper summarises the findings of a study by the European Academies Science Advisory Council which has examined the current status and development challenges of CSP, and consequently has evaluated the potential contribution of CSP in Europe and the MENA region to 2050. It identifies the actions that will be required by scientists, engineers, policy makers, politicians, business and investors alike, to enable this vast solar resource to make a major contribution to establishing a sustainable energy system. The study concludes that cost reductions of 50%-60% in CSP electricity may reasonably be expected in the next 10-15 years, enabling the technology to be cost competitive with fossil-fired power generation at some point between 2020 and 2030. Incorporation of storage delivers added value in enabling CSP to deliver dispatchable power. Incentive schemes will be needed in Europe and MENA countries to enable this point to be achieved. Such schemes should reflect the true value of electricity to the grid, effectively drive research and development, and ensure transparency of performance and cost data.

Grafting of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate onto Silk by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Silk was grafted using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)method.The amino groups and hydroxyl groups on the side chains of the silk fibroin was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide(BriB-Br)to obtain efficient macroinitiator for ATRP.And the macroinitiator was grafted with HEMA in water aqueous using CuBr/N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA)as catalyst system.The effects of monomer concentration,the proportion of CuBr and PMDETA,grafting temperature and time on the silk grafting were discussed,and the optimal grafting technology was obtained.FT-IR characterization of the grafted silk showed a peak corresponding to HEMA,which indicated that HEMA was grafted onto the surface of silk.ATRP method could be applied on the silk modification and this technique provided a new way for silk grafting.

Effects of SKF-96365, a TRPC inhibitor, on melittin-induced inward current and intracellular Ca^2+ rise in primary sensory cells

Objective Melittin （MEL） is a major component of bee venom and can produce both persistent spontaneous nociception and pain hypersensitivity when injected subcutaneously in the periphery. The present study aimed to examine the roles of transient receptor potential canonical （TRPC） channels in mediation of MEL-indueed activation of primary nociceptive cells. Methods Whole-cell patch-clamp and laser scanning confocal calcium detection were used to evalu- ate the effects of SKF-96365, a TRPC inhibitor, applied on the acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion （DRG） cells of rat, on MEL-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration （[Ca2＋]i） and inward current. Results Under voltage- clamp mode, 43.9% （40/91） DRG cells were evoked to give rise to the inward current by 2 pmol/L MEL, which could be significantly suppressed by 3 doses of SKF-96365 （1, 5 and 10μmol/L） in a dose-dependent manner. Of the other 210 cells, 67.6% responded to MEL with an intracellular Ca2＋ rise, as revealed by confocal calcium imaging. Of these MEL- sensitive cells, 46.5% （66/142） were suppressed by the highest dose of SKF-96365. Conclusion MEL-induced activation of small to medium-sized DRG cells can be suppressed by SKF-96365, suggesting the involvement of TRPC channels in the mediation of MEL-induced activation of primary nociceptive cells.

Optical analysis of a hybrid solar concentrating Photovoltaic /Thermal (CPV/T) system with beam splitting technique

A novel hybrid solar concentrating Photovoltaic/Thermal (CPV/T) system with beam splitting technique is presented. In this system, a beam splitter is used to separate the concentrated solar radiation into two parts: one for the PV power generation and the other for thermal utility. The solar concentrator is a flat Fresnel-type concentrator with glass mirror reflectors. It can concentrate solar radiation onto solar cells with high uniformity, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of solar cells. The thermal receiver is separated to the solar cells, and therefore, the thermal fluid can be heated to a relatively high temperature and does not affect the performance of solar cells. A dimensionless model was developed for the performance analysis of the concentrating system. The effects of the main parameters on the performance of the concentrator were analyzed. The beam splitter with coating materials Nb2O3 /SiO2 was designed by using the needle optimization technique, which can reflect about 71% of the undesired radiation for silicon cell(1.1m < 3m) to the thermal receiver for thermal utility. The performance of this CPV/T system was also theoretically analyzed.