PET/TLCP共混物初生纤维的结构与性能

研究了ＰＥＴ与热致液晶聚合物（ＴＬＣＰ）ＶｅｃｔｒａＡ９００共混物初生纤维的结构与性能以及热处理对它的影响。结果表明，初生纤维的取向与力学性质受纺丝拉伸比和共混物组成的影响，尤其是ＴＬＣＰ含量在１０％（质量）以上时，影响更为显著。Ｘ射线衍射结果证明，初生纤维基本为无定形结构。初生纤维最佳的热处理条件是在１８０℃处理２．５ｈ，处理后纤维的结晶度提高，力学性能明显改善。

IN-SITU POLYMERIZED SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NANO-ZnO/PEG/PET COMPOSITE

Nano-ZnO particle （nZnOp） reinforced polyethylene glycol （PEG）/polyethylene terephthalate （PET） （nZnOp/PEG/PET） copolymeric composites with different mass fractions and molecular weights of PEG are synthesized via in-situ polymerization. The dispersion of nZnOp in copolymer matrixes and the effects of PEG and nZnOp particles on the crystallization behavior of the composites are studied by TEM, differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, XRD and Fourier thansform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR ）. The results reveal that nZnOp particles are dispersed in the matrixes with nano-scale, and the addition of PEG induces more homogeneous dispersion of nZnOp. Simultaneously, these nanoparticles become nucleating centers during the crystallization of the matrixes. PEG segments can improve the flexibility of the PET molecular chain, resulting in the drop of the cold crystallization temperature and the rise of the crystallization rate of the composites. Furthermore, PEG （4 000） with the mass fraction of 10% can promote the crystallization rate of the composites. The mechanical properties show that the nano-particles strengthen and toughen the PET matrix, whereas PEG weakens these improve- ments.

Simultaneous Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate and Poly（ethylene terephthalate） Using Alkali Metals as Catalysts

Dimethyl carbonate （DMC） and poly（ethylene terephthalate） was simultaneously synthesized by the transesterification of ethylene carbonate （EC） with dimethyl terephthalate （DMT） in this paper. This reaction is an excellent green chemical process without poisonous substance. Various alkali metals were used as the catalysts. The results showed alkali metals had catalytic activity in a certain extent. The effect of reaction condition was also studied. When the reaction was carded out under the following conditions： the reaction temperature 250℃, molar ratio of EC to DMT 3 ： 1, reaction time 3h, and catalyst amount 0.004 （molar ratio to DMT）, the yield of DMC was 68.9%.

Mechariical and Abrasion Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Films Coated with SiO2/Epoxy Hybrid Material

Hybrid materials were prepared using a silane coupling agent, tetraethoxysilane （ TEOS ） as the precursor, dilute hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, and epoxy as the matrices. The films coated with hybrid materials were expected to improve abrasion resistance and mechanical properties. The morphology, mechanical properties, adhesion, and abrasion resistance of the polyethylene terephthalate （PET） films were characterized using an atomic force microscope, a tensile testing machine, a bagger knife, and a reciprocating fabric abrasion tester. The result of research indicated that the modification significantly affected the abrasion resistance and roughness. The-tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the modified PET films increased by 40% and 50% respectively at 3 % TEOS mass fraction.

Properties of Surface Cyclic Oligomers Present on Polyester Fiber

The effects of different treatments, such as dry heat,wet heat, solvent vapor and ultrasonic, on propertiesof the cyclic oligomers on the surface of polyester fiberare studied. The components of surface oligomers areanalyzed through Thin-Layer Chromatograph. Theresult shows that: all of the treatment, especially solvent vapor treatment,call significantly increase the content of surface cyclic oligomers.The content of cyclic triIner is increased more considerably than other oligomers. Moreover,the morphology and thedistribution of surface cyclic oligomers are also different from different treatments:Dry heat and wet heat cause larger polygonal solids distributed evenly on the surface of fiber;solvent vapor nlakes fiber surface exhibit irregular rodlike crystal shapes randomly;ultrasonic treatment induces some obscureand smaller deposi^on the surface of fiber.

Study on the Synthesis and Properties of PET Using Hydrotalcite as Catalyst

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)was synthesized by the in-situ polymerization method using layered double hydrotalcite(LDH)as the catalyst,and the thermal and flame retardation properties of PET were investigated as required.As identified by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and thermogravimetric(TGA)analysis,the crystallization rate and thermal degradation temperature of the as-prepared PET sample were enhanced compared with commercial PET sample.It was confirmed from the fire-resistant property study that the LDH can be used as an efficient flame-retardant besides functioning as a catalyst in the transesterification/polycondensation process for PET synthesis.

Dynamics Model and Simulation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Hollow Fiber

On the basis of melt-spinning, the dynamics model of polyethylene terephthalate （PET） hollow fiber is established. The effects of spinning conditions on hollow ratio are discussed and verified. Because of the different quenching conditions, there exist differences of the hollow ratio and the vitrification distances between different cycles. The important role of the quenching conditions on the meltspinning of PEr hollow fiber is also mentioned.

An agent-based service-oriented integration architecture for chemical process automation

In reality, traditional process control system built upon centralized and hierarchical structures presents a weak response to change and is easy to shut down by single failure. Aiming at these problems, a new agent-based service-oriented integration architecture was proposed for chemical process automation system. Web services were dynamically orchestrated on the internet and agent behaviors were built in them. Data analysis, model, optimization, control, fault diagnosis and so on were capsuled into different web services. Agents were used for service compositions by negotiation. A prototype system of poly(ethylene terephthalate) process automation was used as the case study to demonstrate the validation of the integration.

Screening of Polymer Additives in Drinking Water Stored in PET Bottles by UHPLC-ESI-IT-TOF MS

In this study, Ultra High Performance Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry （UHPLC-ESI-1T-TOF MS） method is used to screen the polymer additives in drinking water that is stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate （PET） bottles. After directly analyzing the commercially available water samples, 3 polymer additives （chimassorb 81, irgafos 168 and oleamide） were detected. However, after exposure to sunshine for 8 days, two additional polymer additives （antioxidant 2246 and Butylated Hydroxytoluene （BHT）） were detected besides the former three additives.

Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater Utilizing a Semicircular Section Tubular Photoreactor

A semicircular section tubular photoreactor has been constructed, characterized and applied to the treatment of groundwater contaminated with As（V） by means of the SORAS （solar oxidation and removal of arsenic） technique, using ferrous and citrate salts. The solar concentrator was built with recyclable waste materials： glass tubes from fluorescent lamps and 6-inch diameter PVC pipes cut in half and covered by aluminum foil. The reactor concentrates solar radiation up to 2.8 times its natural intensity. Batch irradiation experiments followed by controlled agitation （shear rate = 30-33 s^-1; 20 min agitation period） showed that the photoreactor accelerates the formation of settleable floccules （Dp 〉 0.5mm）, compared with a fluorescent lamp glass tube alone and a 2 L PET （polyethylene terephthalate） bottle. Irradiation times necessary for floccule formation in the photoreactor, the fluorescent lamp tube and the PET bottle were 15 min, 25 min and 60 min, respectively. Continuous flow experiments using a photoreactor with a photo-collection area of 0.9 m^2 and a hydraulic retention time （equal to the irradiation time） of 15 rain showed that immediate formation of floccules of good settleability occurs when the solution is subjected to moderate agitation （33 s^-1）. An efficiency of 98.36% for As（V） removal was obtained with a final concentration of 16.5 ktg/L in decanted waters. In accordance to these results, the photoreactor is able to treat approximately 130 L/m^2 within a 5-h period with UVA irradiation intensities of 50-70 W/mE.

A Hybrid Dielectric Ink Consisting of up to 50 wt% of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Polyvinyl Alcohol （PVA）

PVA （Polyvinyl Alcohol） is a water soluble organic dielectric, easily solution processed to fabricate films by spin coating, dip coating or inkjet printing. It has been used as a dielectric layer in OTFTs （organic thin film transistors）, and its dielectric constant is around 3.5-10. For OTFTs operating at lower voltage, it is desirable to increase the dielectric constant. Here, we report a technique to incorporate upto 50 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles （15-25 nm） in PVA to increase its dielectric constant. Rutile phase of TiO2 is used, because of its higher dielectric constant （e = 114） compared to anatase phase （E = 31）. We have made inks containing 10 and 50 wt% （of PVA） TiO2 nanoparticles, which is stable upto six months. PVA-TiO2 dispersions and PVA （without TiO2） were spin coated on indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Film structure was studied using SEM （scanning electron microscopy）. Absorption study of the films confirms presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. M-I-M capacitors were fabricated by thermally evaporating aluminium on top of the dielectric films. We observed enhancement in dielectric constant by a factor of 2 for PVA containing 50 wt% TiO2 in comparison to PVA＇s dielectric constant. There is no concomitant increase in the leakage current.

Are Polymers Toxic？ Case Study： Environmental Impact of a Biopolymer

In this paper, the analysis of the environmental impacts of a biopolymer based on starch is presented. These impacts were calculated from a cradle to gate LCA （Life Cycle Assessment）, based on UNEEN ISO 14040：2006 and UNEEN ISO 14044, using as functional unit 1 kg of produced biomaterial. The impact categories analyzed were global wanning, ozone depletion, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicate that the electricity causes the highest impacts in the global warming and ozone depletion categories, but compared to synthetic polymers, the emissions are low. Finally, in the case of eutrophication, the impacts are similar to other biopolymers but higher in comparison with petroleum-based polymers like HDPE （High Density Polyethylene）, LDPE （Low Density Polyethylene）, PP （Polypropylene）, PS （Polystyrene） and PET （Polyethylene Terephthalate）.

Recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate （PET） Packaging as the Basis of Economic Projects and Solution of Social and Environmental Problems in Russia

In this article, based on the analysis of the current environmental situation in Russia and other countries, as well as of the problem of recycling plastic waste in the Russian Federation （RF）, the authors clearly show the effectiveness of investments in the processing of polymer debris on the example of polyethylene terephthalate （PET） waste （granulates, flakes）. In the frame of case study of social and environmental investment project on creating enterprise that will engage in collection, recycling, and sale of the consumer PET packaging in Russia, the authors demonstrate the economic feasibility of the creation of such kind of enterprises taking into account market conditions and the features of the existing system of taxation in Russia. The realization of the project will also help in solving environmental and social problems of large cities, in particular, will create more jobs （in terms of 6% of unemployment rate in the country）. The study also identifies the main obstacles in the way of waste recycling in Russia, and the recommendations for improvement of normative base of the industry are given.

In-situ Enhanced Toughening of Poly（ethylene terephthalate）/elastomer Blends via Gamma-Ray Radiation at Presence of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate

Gamma-ray radiation has always been a convenient and effective way to modify the inter- facial properties in polymer blends. In this work, a small amount of trimethylolpropane triacrylate （TMPTA） was incorporated into poly（ethylene terephthalate） （PET）/random terpolymer elastomer （ST2000） blends by melt-blending. The existence of TMPTA would induce the crosslinking of PET and ST2000 molecular chains at high temperatures of blend- ing, resulting in the improvement in the impact strength but the loss in the tensile strength. When the PET/ST2000 blends were irradiated by gamma-ray radiation, the integrated me- chanical properties could be enhanced significantly at a high absorbed dose. The irradiated sample at a dose of 100 kGy even couldn＇t be broken under the impact test load, and at the same time, has nearly no loss of tensile strength. Based on the analysis of the impact- fractured surface morphologies of the blends, it can be concluded that gamma-ray radiation at high absorbed dose can further in situ enhance the interfacial adhesion by promoting the crosslinking reactions of TMPTA and polymer chains. As a result, the toughness and strength of PET/ST2000 blend could be dramatically improved. This work provides a facial and practical way to the fabrication of polymer blends with high toughness and strength.

Graphene-Based Conducting Inks for Direct Inkjet Printing of Flexible Conductive Patterns and Their Applications in Electric Circuits and Chemical Sensors

A series of inkjet printing processes have been studied using graphene-based inks. Under optimized conditions, using water-soluble single-layered graphene oxide （GO） and few-layered graphene oxide （FGO）, various high image quality patterns could be printed on diverse flexible substrates, including paper, poly（ethylene terephthalate） （PET） and polyimide （PI）, with a simple and low-cost inkjet printing technique. The graphene-based patterns printed on plastic substrates demonstrated a high electrical conductivity after thermal reduction, and more importantly, they retained the same conductivity over severe bending cycles. Accordingly, flexible electric circuits and a hydrogen peroxide chemical sensor were fabricated and showed excellent performances, demonstrating the applications of this simple and practical inkjet printing technique using graphene inks. The results show that graphene materials--which can be easily produced on a large scale and possess outstanding electronic properties--have great potential for the convenient fabrication of flexible and low-cost graphene- based electronic devices, by using a simple inkjet printing technique.

Electrical conductivities of carbon nanotube-filled polycarbonate/polyester blends

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled polycarbonate (PC)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and polycarbonate (PC)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blends containing 1 wt% CNTs over a wide range of blend compositions were prepared by melt mixing in a torque rheometer to investigate the structure-electrical conductivity relationship. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the blend morphology and the distribution of CNTs. The latter was compared with the thermodynamic predictions through the calculation of wetting coefficients. It was found that CNTs are selectively localized in the polyester phase and conductive blends can be obtained over the whole composition range (20 wt%, 50 wt% and 80 wt% PBT) for CNT-filled PC/PBT blends, while conductive CNT-filled PC/PET blends can only be obtained when PET is the continuous phase (50 wt%, 80 wt% PET). The dramatic difference in the electrical conductivity between the two types of CNT-filled PC/polyester blends at a low polyester content (20 wt%) was explained by the size difference of the dispersed phases on the basis of the transmission electron microscope micrographs.

Flexible thermocells for utilization of body heat

Plastic thermo-electrochemical ceils （thermocells） involving aqueous potassium ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electrolyte have been investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harvesting. Plastic thermocells that consist of all pliable materials such as polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, fabrics, and wires are flexible enough to be wearable on the human body and to be wrapped around cylindrical shapes. The performance of the thermocells is enhanced by incorporating carbon nanotubes into activated carbon textiles, due to improved charge transfer at the interface. In cold weather conditions （a surrounding temperature of 5 ℃）, the thermocell generates a short-circuit current density of 0.39 A/m2 and maximum power density of 0.46 mW/m2 from body heat （temperature of 36℃）. For practical use, we have shown that the thermocell charges up a capacitor when worn on a T-shirt by a person. We also have demonstrated that the electrical energy generated from waste pipe heat using a serial array of the thermocells and voltage converters can power a typical commercial light emitting diode （LED）.

High-fire-safety thermoplastic polyester constructed by novel sulfonate with benzimidazole structure

The flammability of thermoplastic polyesters and the subsequent heavy smoke and severe melt drips formed after ignition are the main obstacles hindering their widespread application. In this study, a novel ionic monomer containing sulfonate and benzimidazole was synthesized and incorporated into the main chain of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET, used as a model thermoplastic polyester) by melt copolymerization. The synergetic effect of ionic aggregation and carbonization endowed the obtained copolyester with high melt viscosity and excellent char-forming ability at high temperatures. The copolyester having a monomer content of 8 mol.% easily achieved the Underwriters Laboratories Inc 94(UL-94) V-0 flammability rating without dripping and the limiting oxygen index value reached 33.0 vol.%.In addition, the total smoke production, peak heat release rate,and maximum CO production decreased by 45.2%, 60.5%, and75.0%, respectively, compared with those of PET. In addition,the copolyester was spinnable, and showed greater adsorption efficiency(99.6%) for a cationic dye from solution compared to PET(6.5%), demonstrating the excellent affinity of the copolyester for the cationic dye. The obtained inherently firesafe PET copolyester has great potential for applications in flame retardant textiles, artwork base materials, and decorative materials for transportation applications.

Low-temperature solution process for preparing flexible transparent carbon nanotube film for use in flexible supercapacitors

Single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） possess high conductivity, mechanical strength, transparency, and flexibility, and are thus suitable for use in flexible electronics, transparent electrodes, and energy-storage and energy-harvesting applications. However, to exploit these properties, SWNTs must be de-bundled in a surfactant solution to permit processing and use. We report a new method to prepare a SWNT-based transparent conducting film （TCF） using the diazo dye 3,3＇-（[1,1＇-biphenyl]-4,4＇-diyl）bis（4-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid）, commonly known as Congo red （CR）, as a dispersant. Uniform 20-nm-thick TCFs were prepared on rigid glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate （PET） substrates. The CR-SWNT dispersion and the CR-SWNT TCFs were characterized via UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, field-emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） and dynamic light scattering （DLS） measurements. The sheet resistivity of the CRSWNT TCF was -34 ±6.6 Ω/□ with a transmittance of 81% at 550 nm, comparable to that of indium tin oxide-based films. Unlike SWNT dispersions prepared in common surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS）, sodium cholate （SC）, and Triton X-100, the CR-SWNT dispersion was amenable to forming TCF by drop coating. The CR-SWNT TCF was also very stable, maintaining a very low sheet resistivity even after 1,000 consecutive bending cycles of 8 mm bending radius. Further, manganese dioxide （MnO2） was electrochemically deposited on the CR-SWNT-PET film （MnO2-CR-SWNT-PET）. The as-prepared MnO2- CR-SWNT-PET electrode exhibited high specific capacitance and bendability, demonstrating promise as a candidate electrode material for flexible supercapacitors.

Biocompatibility Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Artificial Ligament Coating Hydroxyapatite by Fibroblasts Cells in Vitro

Hydroxyapatite(HA) based materials have been widely used in the field of ligament tissue engineering in the past decades.It has been previously reported that HA can increase the penetration of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) and MSCs cells into scaffolds due to increased cell differentiation in biological media.Additionally,it was found that there are much difference between MSCs and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cells.For that reason,we mainly evaluate the biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) silk scaffold with fibroblasts cells in vitro.We cultured mouse fibroblasts cells on the substrate of PET fiber and PET-HA scaffold,respectively,and then observed the morphology by using scanning electron microscopy.Our data indicate that PET-HA scaffold has good biocompatibility with fibroblasts cells and can potentially be useful in enhancing the fibroblasts cell differentiation and proliferation.