论格洛托夫斯基戏剧观念中的“肉体性”

格洛托夫斯基认为戏剧演出中"活生生的演员"是影视艺术所缺少的,认为演员只有经过高强度的形体训练和塑造,才能够消除思想的混沌和行为的无序,才能达到极度的深刻体验。演员通过极度的身体训练打开戏剧之门,极度的身体训练对演员的生理造成强烈影响,并最终导致演员心理产生变化:由内心生发出来的殉道感、崇高感、献身感使得演员散发出"圣徒一样的光辉",从而深刻地感染观众。遗憾的是,格洛托夫斯基在生命的最后二十年中放弃了观众,把训练过程变成了训练目的。

精神对于自然“绝对地不感恩”——黑格尔“人类学”中的逻辑规定、肉体性、动物磁力以及疯狂

黑格尔的"人类学"处理的是精神与自然的关系问题,为此它详细描述了精神与自然相分离的过程,并把这种关系描述为前者对于产生它的自然的"不感恩"。"人类学"在根本上依赖于"逻辑学"且与其中诸范畴的发展进程相一致。"自然灵魂"论述的是在自然方面受到限制的人的生命,按照"普遍性、特殊性、个体性"的模型展开。在"感觉灵魂"中,"病"基于"逻辑学"中的"质"这一范畴被规定为不适宜性,从而守护神、动物磁力、疯狂等诸多现象能够根据该规定被统摄起来。在"习惯"和"现实灵魂"中,黑格尔在三个版本的《哲学全书》对它们进行了不同乃至自相矛盾的规定。这一事实说明他在此遭遇到了一系列他本人最终没有妥善解决的困境。他在这些问题上的失败进而说明:他的"人类学"并未彻底完成从自然过渡到精神、必然性过渡到自由的论证目标。

罗赞诺夫宗教哲学批评视阈中的屠格涅夫及其创作

屠格涅夫的个性和创作在罗赞诺夫的批评论著中占有相当重要的地位。罗赞诺夫建构了自己的文学等级谱系,他从一开始就确定屠格涅夫是一位“观察型艺术家”,后在其批评论著中多处论及屠格涅夫创作的优缺点。罗赞诺夫认为屠格涅夫作品所描绘的男女主人公的爱情的特点是无果和非肉体性,并以宗教哲学批评视角从屠格涅夫这种“玻璃式”的爱中阐释了其身上的基督教无性精神和笔下的永恒女性形象。

美国族群矛盾的物质性探究——以《靠鲸生活的人》小说中人与非人关系为例

美国主体族群和土著族群之间的矛盾关系是琳达·霍根的小说《靠鲸生活的人》所表达的核心议题。为了找到其背后的根源以及解决方案,在此把玛莉索·卡德纳的"土著居民世界主义政治学"和斯泰西·阿莱莫的"跨肉体性"概念相结合,形成"跨肉体性世界主义政治学"理论视角。这个理论视角有助于人们通过对物质性的研究来正确理解人类与非人类世界之间存在着相互平等的交换的关系实质,有助于寻求解决美国主体族群与土著族群之间矛盾的方法,因为这个理论视角可以解析两者之间长期存在矛盾的原因,也可以揭示种族主义与环境现象之间的关联。

精神损害基本规定性的法律界定

随着经济福利、物质文明的增进,人们对精神利益也日益重视。今年,最高人民法院出台的《关于确定民事侵权损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》开始实施,标志着我国精神损害的立法发展到一个新阶段。为促进精神损害法制的进一步完善,依据德国法、瑞士法、我国台湾法的有关精神损害制度,从精神损害的受害人、行为受体、表现样态等方面出发,对精神损害的基本规定性进行初步探索,便具有一定的现实意义和理论价值。

Changes of plasma fasting carnitine ester profile in patients with ulcerative colitis

AIM： To determine the plasma carnitine ester profile in adult patients with ulcerative culitis （UC） and compared with healthy control subjects. METHOD： Using ESI triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, the carnitine ester profile was measured in 44 patients with UC and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS： There was no significant difference in the fasting free carnitine level between the patients with UC and the healthy controls. The fasting propionyl- （0.331 ± 0.019 vs 0.392 ± 0.017 μmol/L）, butyryl- （0.219 ± 0.014 vs 0.265 ± 0.012）, and isovalerylcarniUne （0.111 ± 0.008 vs 0.134 ± 0.008） levels were decreased in the UC patients. By contrast, the level of octanoyl- （0.147 ± 0.009 vs 0.114 ± 0.008）, decanoyl- （0.180 ± 0.012 vs 0.137 ± 0.008）, myristoyl- （0.048 ± 0.003 vs 0.039 ± 0.003）, palmitoyl- （0.128 ± 0.006 vs 0.109 ± 0.004）, palmitoleyl- （0.042±0.003 vs 0.031 ± 0.002） and oleylcarnitine （0.183 ± 0.007 vs 0.163 ± 0.007; P 〈 0.05 in all comparisons） were increased in the patients with UC. CONCLUSION： Our data suggest selective involvement of the carnitine esters in UC patients, probably due to their altered metabolism.

Layered double hydroxide-like Mg_3Al_(1–x)Fe_x materials as supports for Ir catalysts: Promotional effects of Fe doping in selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

Supported Ir catalysts were prepared using layered double hydrotalcite‐like materials,such as Mg3Al1-xFex,containing Fe and Al species in varying amounts as supports.These Ir catalysts were applied for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde(CAL).When x was changed from 0(Ir/Mg3Al)to 1(Ir/Mg3Fe),the rate of CAL hydrogenation reached a maximum at approximately x=0.25,while the selectivity to unsaturated alcohol,i.e.,cinnamyl alcohol,monotonously increased from 44.9%to 80.3%.Meanwhile,the size of the supported Ir particles did not change significantly with x,remaining at 1.7-0.2 nm,as determined by transmission electron microscopy.The chemical state of Ir and Fe species in the Ir/Mg3Al1-xFex catalysts was examined by temperature programmed reduction by H2 and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The surface of the supported Ir particles was also examined through the in‐situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform of a probe molecule of CO.On the basis of these characterization results,the effects of Fe doping to Mg3Al on the structural and catalytic properties of Ir particles in selective CAL hydrogenation were discussed.The significant factors are the electron transfer from Fe2+in the Mg3Al1–xFex support to the dispersed Ir particles and the surface geometry.

Germline MLH1 and MSH2 mutational spectrum including frequent large genomic aberrations in Hungarian hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer families:Implications for genetic testing

AIM: To analyze the prevalence of germline MLH1 and MSH2 gene mutations and evaluate the clinical characteristics of Hungarian hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families. METHODS: Thirty-six kindreds were tested for mutations using conformation sensitive gel electrophoreses, direct sequencing and also screening for genomic rearrangements applying multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplifi cation (MLPA). RESULTS: Eighteen germline mutations (50%) were identifi ed, 9 in MLH1 and 9 in MSH2. Sixteen of these sequence alterations were considered pathogenic, the remaining two were non-conservative missense alterations occurring at highly conserved functional motifs. The majority of the defi nite pathogenic mutations (81%, 13/16) were found in families fulfilling the stringent Amsterdam Ⅰ/Ⅱ criteria, including three rearrangements revealed by MLPA (two in MSH2 and one in MLH1). However, in three out of sixteen HNPCC-suspected families (19%), a disease-causing alteration could be revealed. Furthermore, nine mutations described here are novel, and none of the sequence changes were found in more than one family.CONCLUSION: Our study describes for the f irst time the prevalence and spectrum of germline mismatch repair gene mutations in Hungarian HNPCC and suspected-HNPCC families. The results presented here suggest that clinical selection criteria should be relaxed and detection of genomic rearrangements should be included in genetic screening in this population.

Effect of rearing conditions on carcass and pork quality attributes of finishing pigs

The effects of sex, housing temperature, feed ingredients and slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality were investigated. A total of three-way crossbred （LWD） 100 pigs were used in a completely randomized design to study the influence of rearing condition, in the growing finishing period, the initial weight, finial weight, live weight, total feeding days, daily weight gain and total feed consumptions affected carcass traits and meat qualities. In conclusion, the rearing condition will give a significant effect on pork and carcass quality so that they can be controlled by changing the raising situation.

Differences in Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Elderly Men and Women

The aim of this study was to determine differences in body composition and physical fitness in elderly men and women. Five hundred twenty six subjects were included in this study, 272 were men （52%） and 254 women （48%）. To determine the trend of changes of anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in people aged over 60, the authors were divided subjects in 5 age groups： 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and over 80 years of age. Decrease in strength is observed with the aging process so that the respondents aged 60-64 years significantly differ in the strength of the lower extremities of elderly subjects 70-74 and 75-79 years of age. Also this difference is noticeable if they compare with men and women. In this study, they found that there was an increase in the amount of adipose tissue, reducing the level of muscle activity and decreased muscle strength and endurance of the aging process.

Rapid and Sensitive Identification of Horse and Donkey Meat in Iraqi Markets Using SSR and PCR-RFLP Based on Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome B Gene

This study was carried out at the Genetic Engineering Lab, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. DNA was extracted from samples containing meat of commercial products in the Basrah markets. The products subjected to analysis using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） with species specific repeat （SSR） and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） techniques based on the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene （mtDNA cyt b gene）. Then digestion with the Alu l restriction enzyme to establish a differential diagnosis detects and discriminates between meat species and adulteration in the products. SSR primers were applied, has been detected amplification of the encoded gene product, generated 221 bp in some imported minced and canned meat samples. The results show that SSR analysis produced a pattern that allowed a direct identification of horse and donkey meats in some imported minced and canned meat samples （Hana, Monde and Bavaria）. The amplified 359 bp gene of mtDNA cyt b gene from samples in different product was cut using Alu 1 restriction enzyme resulting in restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. Alu 1 was used to distinguish between the animals meat that belong to the family or one species. The digestion of the PCR product showed differences between products. Where the fragment length generated were 74, 76 and 189 bp. It belonged to horse meat. The fraud was detected in Hana, Monde and Bavaria products available in Basrah markets showing the presence of horse meat in these products that labeled as beef meats 100%. This revealed mtDNA cyt b gene as highly conserved and consequently a good molecular marker for diagnostic studies. Thus, this technique can be applied to food authentication for the identification of different species of animals in food products.

Growth Performance, Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Korean Native Duck

This study was carried out to investigate the growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality of large-type Korean native ducks （KND）. A total of 420 day-old ducklings were divided into four treatments （seven replicates/treatment, 15 birds/replicate） by strains （A and B） and gender （male and female） in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement under complete randomized design. The body weight （BW） of female KND was higher at week 2 and for male it was higher in week 8 （P 〈 0.05）. BW gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of male KND were higher than those of female KND （P 〈 0.05） during week 0 to week 8. The carcass yield of both strains increased from 6 weeks to 8 weeks （P 〈 0.05）. The breast meat ratio was the highest at week 8 whereas the leg meat ratio was the highest at 6 weeks of age in both strains （P 〈 0.01）. Lightness （L＊）, yellowness （b＊） and juiciness of meat were the highest at 6 weeks （P 〈 0.05）. Moisture, ash and fat contents of meat were the highest at 7 weeks （P 〈 0.05） and protein content was the highest at 8 weeks （P 〈 0.01）. These results may provide the basic data on growth performance and meat quality of large-type KND, which can be used for genetic improvements and rearing at commercial scale.

Effect of Limiting Access to Drinking Water on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Kidneys of Rabbits

Feed restriction is a common practice to reduce post weaning digestive disorders in rabbits and to get carcasses with less fat. Hydric restriction is commonly used to induce feed restriction in growing rabbits. Two hydric restriction times （2 h and 4 h per day, continuously） were used in our trial carried in good sanitary conditions. Thirty six rabbits were divided at weaning （28 days） into three groups： R2 with restricted access to drinking water from 35 days to 80 days age of 2 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.）, R4： access to drinking water 4 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m.） and T （control group） with unlimited access to drinking water. Six animals from each group were slaughtered at 80 days of age. Carcass measurements and meat quality were studied. Histological study for kidneys was carried out. Relative weight of gastrointestinal tract increases with the degree of restriction： 16.5, 18.4 and 18.9 for T, R4 and R2, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Perirenal fat was lower in restricted groups but differences were not statically significant. Scapular fat decreases of 2/3 or 1/3 respectively with limiting access to drinking water of 2 h or 4 h per day. Compared to control group （T）, meat of restricted groups contains more water： 70.3%, 70% and 69.3% respectively for R4, R2 and T （P 〈 0.01）. The same tendency was observed for proteins： 19.2%, 19.3% and 17.7% for groups R2, R4 and T. Fat decreases in meat of restricted animals： 8.4%, 8.2% and 8.1% respectively for T, R4 and R2 （P 〈 0.05）. Water restriction induced decrease of carcass and meat adiposity. There were no differences between pH post mortem and pH ultimate （after 24 h） between the three groups. Hydric restriction does not effect on kidney histology.

何以“艳俗”?

六十年代出生的我们这代人,生活中遇到有趣的事不少,童年基本上是在文革中渡过的。我记得很小的时候,大人抱着我上街,看到游行队伍,说是文革来了。

An inverse approach to identifying the in vivo material parameters of female pelvic floor muscles using MRI data

Dear Editor,Pelvic floor（PF）dysfunctions comprise of a wide spectrum of interrelated clinical conditions and represent an important health problem.The PF supporting system can be regarded as a loaded structure with a complex geometry that supports the increase of abdominal pressure and maintain normal position of pelvic organs（Figure 1A）.

Prediction of fish body's passive visco-elastic properties and related muscle mechanical performance in vivo during steady swimming

For attaining the optimized locomotory performance of swimming fishes,both the passive visco-elastic properties of the fish body and the mechanical behavior of the active muscles should coordinate with the fish body’s undulatory motion pattern.However,it is difficult to directly measure the visco-elastic constitutive relation and the muscular mechanical performance in vivo.In the present paper,a new approach based on the continuous beam model for steady swimming fish is proposed to predict the fish body’s visco-elastic properties and the related muscle mechanical behavior in vivo.Given the lateral travelling-wave-like movement as the input condition,the required muscle force and the energy consumption are functions of the fish body’s visco-elastic parameters,i.e.the Young’s modulus E and the viscosity coefficient in the Kelvin model.After investigating the variations of the propagating speed of the required muscle force with the fish body’s visco-elastic parameters,we analyze the impacts of the visco-elastic properties on the energy efficiencies,including the energy utilization ratios of each element of the kinematic chain in fish swimming and the overall efficiency.Under the constraints of reasonable wave speed of muscle activation and the physiological feasibility,the optimal design of the passive visco-elastic properties can be predicted aiming at maximizing the overall efficiency.The analysis is based on the small-amplitude steady swimming of the carangiform swimmer,with typical Reynolds number varying from 2.5×104to 2.5×105,and the present results show that the non-dimensional Young’s modulus is 112±34,and the non-dimensional viscosity coefficient is 13 approximately.In the present estimated ranges,the overall efficiency of the swimming fish is insensitive to the viscosity,and its magnitude is about 0.11±0.02,in the predicted range given by previous study.