肝包虫病的外科治疗

目的 总结肝包虫病 1740例手术治疗的经验 ,特别是对肝包虫性急腹症及其并发症的治疗方法。方法 对 196 0～ 1997年 1740例肝包虫病例资料进行回顾分析。结果 本组主要并发症中 ,感染为 116 9例次 ,内瘘 388例次 ,破裂 2 15例次。术后并发症为胆汁瘘、囊内感染、外囊残腔闭合不全等。本组手术治愈率为 99 4% ,死亡 9例 (0 6 % )。结论 肝包虫对人体损害主要为肝包虫并发症。肝包虫及其并发症的治疗以外科手术为主 ,特别是对肝包虫破裂所致的急腹症应立即手术 ,清除包虫内容物 ,并即时抗休克、抗感染、抗过敏治疗。术后即时给予抗包虫药物治疗。

新TNM分期系统对评价手术切除肝癌预后的意义

背景与目的2002年国际抗癌联盟对原第5版肝癌TNM(以下简称TNM5)分期进行了修订,提出了新的第6版TNM(以下简称TNM6)分期标准,目前应用TNM6分期评估手术切除肝癌患者预后的报道较少。本研究探讨TNM6分期对评价手术切除肝癌预后的价值及TNM6分期在我国临床应用的可行性和合理性。方法根据我院1993年1月至1998年12月施行的478例肝细胞肝癌切除病例资料和随访结果,分别按TNM5分期及TNM6分期进行生存分析,比较各期的生存率,并将TNM5分期和TNM6分期作相互比较,分析TNM6分期的优缺点。结果按TNM5分期标准各期病例数分别为Ⅰ期12例(2.5%),Ⅱ期224例(46.8%),ⅢA期95例(19.9%),ⅢB期8例(1.7%)和ⅣA期139例(29.1%);各期患者5年生存率分别为81.8%、41.5%、17.0%、0.0%和10.2%。Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期、ⅢB与ⅣA期患者生存率无统计学差异;Ⅱ、ⅢA、ⅢB期患者间在预后上有显著差别。按TNM6分期标准各期病例数分别为Ⅰ期234例(48.9%),Ⅱ期41例(8.6%),ⅢA期96例(20.1%),ⅢB期88例(18.4%)和ⅢC期19例(4.0%);各期患者5年生存率分别为43.3%、20.2%、13.1%、13.0%和0。Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期患者生存率有统计学差异,Ⅱ期、ⅢA期与ⅢB期患者互相之间生存率均无显著差异。结论肝癌TNM6分期较TNM5分期有重要进步,参数较少,且简便易用,但仍有一定局限性,临床应用于预后估计还不十分准确,并不完全适用于我国绝大多数合并肝硬化的肝癌患者。

非寄生虫性肝囊肿的外科治疗(附176例分析)

对176例非寄生虫性肝囊肿行手术治疗,治疗方法有囊肿切除、囊肿开窗和肝叶切除术。讨论了肝囊肿的外科手术指征、方法选择,并指出穿刺抽吸加硬化剂治疗为单发囊肿,腹腔镜下肝囊肿开窗治疗多发囊肿为较佳选择。

肝外伤术后大出血再手术治疗18例分析

目的:总结肝外伤术后大出血再手术治疗的临床疗效和经验。方法:对1999～2008年诊治的18例肝外伤术后大出血再手术治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:按美国外科创伤协会的肝外伤分级标准,18例患者均为Ⅲ级以上损伤,首次术后出血量800～1700ml。18例均接受再次手术治疗,14例治愈,4例死亡,再手术病死率为22.22%(4/18)。结论:尽管肝外伤术后大出血病情重、治疗棘手,但只要处理得当,再次选择正确的手术方法进行迅速止血,仍能挽救多数患者的生命。

外伤性肝脏损伤53例诊断与治疗分析

目的 :探讨外伤性肝脏损伤 (肝损伤 )的诊断及治疗方法的选择。方法 :对 5 3例肝损伤相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :5 3例肝损伤患者 ,Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 4 6例 ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级 7例。非手术治疗 16例 ,手术治疗 37例。治愈 5 1例 ,病死 2例。结论 :腹腔穿刺、B超或CT检查对肝损伤有较好的诊断作用 ,对血流动力学稳定的Ⅰ～Ⅱ级肝损伤患者可试行非手术治疗。明胶海绵填塞后缝合修补 +腹腔引流为Ⅰ～Ⅲ级肝损伤的理想治疗方法 ,选择性肝动脉结扎术及不规则性肝部分切除术可选用于Ⅲ～Ⅳ级肝损伤患者。

小肝癌切缘复发预防及临床处理方法的探讨

背景与目的随着医疗诊断技术的提高,越来越多的小肝癌被发现,目前治疗小肝癌首选的方法仍是手术切除,但其术后复发率高达60%以上。本研究中我们对临床小肝癌进行回顾对照分析,拟探讨降低小肝癌手术切缘复发率的方法。方法回顾性分析广东省开平市中心医院和中山大学肿瘤医院在1991年1月～2003年5月间收治的283例小肝癌患者的临床病理资料。由于85%以上的肝癌患者合并不同程度肝硬化和肝储备功能不良,故以非规则性肝切除术为主。其中作肿瘤剔出术加残端切缘注射无水乙醇或无水乙醇明胶海绵创面填塞术140例(研究组);143例仅作普通常规处理(对照组)。比较两组患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤分期、Child-Pugh分期无统计学意义。结果研究组和对照组切缘1年复发率分别为21.4%和4.4%,有显著性差异(P<0.05);肝内转移/再发率分别为26.1%和24.5%,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组和对照组5年总生存率分别为57.3%、52.8%(P=0.48),5年无瘤生存率分别为35.2%、36.9%(P=0.51)。两组患者术后一周内体温均在39℃以下;均无明显白细胞升高、胆漏及出血出现。结论不规则肝切除术后残端用无水乙醇明胶海绵填塞,或在残端处注射无水乙醇,对减少术后残端局部复发有一定效果,但对术后转移复发再发无作用,此法简单经济实用,便于推广应用,副作用少。

TissueLink电刀在肝癌肝切除术中创面处理的应用价值

背景与目的:安全有效的肝脏创面处理方法是成功完成肝切除手术和减少术后并发症的重要因素之一。本研究目的在于探讨TissueLink电刀在肝癌肝切除术中创面处理以及扩大手术切缘,降低复发率中的应用价值。方法:20例试验组患者在肝切除术中采用TissueLink电刀处理肝脏创面,同期28例对照组患者采用常规肝脏创面处理方法,观察两组患者术后血清谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素的变化,术后住院天数及手术并发症的发生率,并加以比较。结果:试验组和对照组的术中出血量分别为(412.50±122.34)ml和(530.36±151.13)ml,术后腹腔引流量分别为(285.50±43.59)ml和(347.86±67.62)ml;试验组术后第3天、第7天的血清谷丙转氨酶为(152.36±93.32)U/ml和(56.63±21.59)U/ml,均较对照组[(246.19±159.85)U/ml和(96.46±47.97)U/ml]低;试验组术后第3天、第7天血清总胆红素分别为(25.93±9.63)μmol/L和(17.25±7.22)μmol/L,较对照组[(40.12±16.54)μmol/L和(39.63±19.06)μmol/L]低;试验组平均住院天数(10.5±1.5)天,较对照组[(12.9±2.8)天]缩短;出血、胆汁漏、肉眼黄疸、膈下积液等并发症的发生率亦较对照组明显降低;术后CT复查见切缘处环状无血供坏死区。结论:应用TissueLink电刀处理肝切除术中肝脏创面止血效果确切,对患者术后肝功能损害程度轻,患者恢复也较快,并能明显减少术后并发症的发生,是一种简单可靠的肝脏创面处理方法。

门静脉灌注化疗对于延缓Ⅱ期肝癌患者术后肝内复发的意义

背景与目的:肝切除术目前被认为是治疗肝癌最有效的方法。影响肝癌切除术后疗效的主要因素是术后复发。目前国内外学者对于预防肝癌术后复发的治疗措施的选择存在许多争议。本研究目的在于了解术后门静脉灌注化疗在延缓临床Ⅱ期肝癌患者手术后复发方面的作用以及影响术后复发的危险因素。方法:选择2003年2月至2007年2月在新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院行手术治疗的51例经病理检查证实为肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma)的患者,随机分为试验组(手术切除+术后门静脉化疗)和对照组(单纯手术),两组均行根治性手术。比较两组患者的临床资料及术后无瘤生存状况,Kaplan-Meier法比较两组累积无瘤生存率及中位无瘤生存时间;Cox模型分析肿瘤数目、门静脉瘤栓、肝硬化、病理分级以及术后行预防性门静脉化疗等可能影响术后复发的因素,并分析各因素与复发时间之间的关系。结果:对照组患者术后0.5年、1年、2年及3年无瘤生存率分别为44.4%、38.9%、19.4%、14.3%;试验组患者分别为75.4%、61.3%、49.0%、31.5%,两组术后中位无瘤生存时间分别为5.6、15.5个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cox多因素分析结果表明:肿瘤数目、门静脉瘤栓以及预防性门静脉化疗是术后复发的影响因素,其中门静脉化疗可以提高肝癌患者术后1年内的无瘤生存率(P<0.05)。结论:对于伴门脉瘤栓或多发肿瘤的Ⅱ期肝癌患者行预防性门静脉化疗可以延缓术后肿瘤复发。

降低原发性肝癌术后复发率的研究

为了降低原发性肝癌术后肝内复发率，作者从肝切除术式，早期诊断，个体特异性等作了多方面的研究，通过多学科的合作，融肿瘤外科，介入治疗，化疗为一体，使原发性肝癌切除术后４年内复发率从４８９％降至２１．３％，４年生存率从３５．１％升至５６．９％。

肝脏外伤破裂36例诊治分析

目的:探讨基层医院对于外伤性肝破裂的诊断与治疗。方法:对2002～2011年收治的36例外伤性肝破裂患者的临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析。结果:手术治疗20例,非手术治疗16例。治愈34例,死亡2例。结论:早期明确诊断和及时治疗是肝破裂抢救成功的关键。

快速康复外科理念在肝胆外科围手术期护理中的应用效果分析

目的分析快速康复外科理念在肝胆外科围手术期护理中的临床应用效果。方法选取本院2017年3-10月期间肝胆外科收治的36例肝癌患者临床资料进行研究。以入院顺序为依据,将患者分为实验组和对照组各18例。在肝胆外科围手术期护理中,以常规护理方式护理对照组患者,在此基础上采用快速康复外科的理念护理实验组患者。对比2组的护理康复效果。结果在排气时间、排便时间、进食时间、住院时间、下床时间方面,实验组患者短于对照组患者(P<0.05);实验患者组术后1~3dVSA评分明显低于对照组患者(P<0.05)。结论快速康复外科理念是一种先进的护理理念,在肝胆外科围手术期护理中加入该理念,对于促进患者恢复、降低疼痛有着积极的作用,是比较可靠的一种护理方法,值得临床推广。

Micrometastasis in surrounding liver and the minimal length of resection margin of primary liver cancer

AIM： To describe the distribution of micrometastases in the surrounding liver of patients with primary liver cancer （PLC）, and to describe the minimal length of resection margin （RM） for hepatectomy. METHODS： From November 2001 to March 2003, 120 histologically verfied PLC patients without macroscopic tumor thrombi or macrosatellites or extrahepatic metastases underwent curative hepatectomy. Six hundreds and twenty-nine routine pathological sections from these patients were re-examined retrospectively by light microscopy. In the prospective study, curative hepatectomy was performed from November 2001 to March 2003 for 76 histologically verfied PLC patients without definite macroscopic tumor thrombi or macrosatellites or extrahepatic metastases in preoperative imaging. Six hundreds and forty-five pathological sections from these patients were examined by light microscopy. The resected liver specimens were minutely examined to measure the resection margin and to detect the number of daughter tumor nodules, dominant lesions, and macroscopic tumor thrombi inside the lumens of the major venous system. The paraffin sections were microscopically examined to detect the microsatellites, microscopic tumor thrombi, fibrosis tumor capsules, as well as capsule invasion and the distance of histological spread of the micrometastases. RESULTS： In the retrospective study, 70 micrometastases were found in surrounding liver in 26 of the 120 cases （21.7%）. The farthest distance of histological micrometastasis was 3.5 mm, 5.3 mm and 6.0 mm in 95%, 99% and 100% cases, respectively. Macroscopic tumor thrornbi or rnacrosatellites were observed in 18 of 76 cases, and 149 rnicrometastases were found in the surrounding live in 25 （43.1%） of 58 cases with no macroscopic tumor thrombi. The farthest distance of histological micrometastasis was 4.5 mm, 5.5 mm and 6.0 mm in 95%, 99% and 100% cases, respectively. Two hundred and sixty-seven rnicrometastases were found in surrounding liver in 14 （77.8%） out of 18 cases with macroscopic tumor thrombi or macrosatellites. The farthest distance of histological micrometastasis was 18.5 mm, 18.5 mm and 19.0 mm in 95%, 99% and 100% cases, respectively. CONCLUSION： The required minimal length of RM is 5.5 mm and 6 mm respectively to achieve 99% and 100% rnicrometastasis clearance in surrounding liver of PLC patients without macroscopic tumor thrornbi or rnacrosatellites, and should be greater than 18.5 mm to obtain 99% rnicrometastasis clearance in surrounding liver of patients with macroscopic tumor thrornbi or rnacrosatellites.

Therapeutic options for intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, ranking the sixth in the world, with 55% of cases occurring in China. Usually, patients with HCC did not present until the late stage of the disease, thus limiting their therapeutic options. Although surgical resection is a potentially curative modality for HCC, most patients with intermediate-advanced HCC are not suitable candidates. The current therapeutic modalities for intermediate-advanced HCC include: (1) surgical procedures, such as radical resection, palliative resection, intraoperative radiofrequency ablation or cryosurgical ablation, intraoperative hepatic artery and portal vein chemotherapeutic pump placement, two-stage hepatectomy and liver transplantation; (2) interventional treatment, such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, portal vein embolization and image-guided locoregional therapies; and (3) molecularly targeted therapies. So far, how to choose the therapeutic modalities remains controversial. Surgeons are faced with the challenge of providing the most appropriate treatment for patients with intermediate-advanced HCC. This review focuses on the optional therapeutic modalities for intermediateadvanced HCC.

Role and outcome of conventional surgery in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess in the modern era of minimally invasive therapy

AIM:To evaluate the role and outcome of conventional surgery in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess in the modern era of minimally invasive therapy. METHODS:The medical records of thirteen patients with pyogenic liver abscess who underwent surgical treatment between January 1995 and December 2002 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the clinical presentation, indication and nature of surgery, and out-come of surgery. RESULTS:The patients were predominantly women (10/13) with a mean age of 65 ± 17 years. Their main presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (100%) and fever (77%). The aetiologies included biliary (n = 6), cryptogenic (n = 3), portal (n = 2), and trauma (n = 2). Seven patients underwent percutaneous drainage as the initial treatment. Of these, three patients developed peritonitis secondary to peritoneal spillage. Another four patients failed to respond because of multilocula-tion. Salvage surgery was required in these patients. Six patients proceeded to straight laparotomy:two had marked sepsis and multiloculated abscess that precluded percutaneous drainage, and four presented with perito-nitis of uncertain pathology. Surgical procedures included deroofment and drainage (n = 9), liver resection (n = 3), peritoneal lavage (n = 2), cholecystectomy (n = 4), and exploration of common bile duct (n = 2). One patient required reoperation because of bleeding. Three patients required further percutaneous drainage after surgery. The overall mortality was 46%. Four patients died of multiorgan failure and two patients died of pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION:Surgical treatment of pyogenic liver ab-scess is occasionally needed when percutaneous drainage has failed due to various reasons. Mortality rate in this group of patients has remained high.

Pediatric liver transplantation

In previous decades,pediatric liver transplantation has become a state-of-the-art operation with excellent success and limited mortality.Graft and patient survival have continued to improve as a result of improvements in medical,surgical and anesthetic management,organ availability,immunosuppression,and identification and treatment of postoperative complications.The utilization of split-liver grafts and living-related donors has provided more organs for pediatric patients.Newer immunosuppression regimens,including induction therapy,have had a significant impact on graft and patient survival.Future developments of pediatric liver transplantation will deal with long-term followup,with prevention of immunosuppression-related complications and promotion of as normal growth as possible.This review describes the state-of-the-art in pediatric liver transplantation.

Effects of Wy14643 on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of Wy14643 on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g were randomly divided into five experimental groups: sham group (G1, n = 6): a sham operation was performed (except for liver I/R); I/R-untreated group (G2, n = 6): rats underwent liver ischemia for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 4 h; and I/R + Wy14643 groups (G3, G4, G5; n = 6): after the same surgical procedure as in group 2, animals were pretreated with Wy14643 at the dose of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg 1 h before ischemia, respectively. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was induced by clamping blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of the liver for 90 min, and atraumatic clamp was removed for 4 h reperfusion. Blood samples and liver tissues were obtained at the end of reperfusion to assess serum and hepatic tissue homogenate aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), myeloperoxidase (MPO), serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hepatic tissue homogenate. RESULTS: Hepatic I/R induced a significant increase in the serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO, as well as the levels of ALT, AST and MDA in the liver tissue homogenate, which were reduced bypretreatment with Wy14643 at the dose of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The activity of SOD in the liver tissue homogenate was decreased after hepatic I/R, which was enhanced by Wy14643 pretreatment. In addition, serum and liver tissue homogenate ALT and AST in the Wy14643 10 mg/kg group were lower than in the Wy14643 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg groups, respectively.CONCLUSION: Wy14643 pretreatment exerts significant protection against hepatic I/R injury in rats. The protective effects are possibly associated with enhancement of anti-oxidant and inhibition inflammation response.

Dose requirements of continuous infusion of rocuronium and atracurium throughout orthotopic liver transplantation in humans

Objective： To compare the dose requirements of continuous infusion of rocuronium and atracurium throughout orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） in humans. Methods： Twenty male patients undergoing liver transplantation were randomly assigned to two comparable groups of 10 patients each to receive a continuous infusion of rocuronium or atracurium under intravenous balanced anesthesia. The response of adductor pollicis to train-of-four （TOF） stimulation of unlar nerve was monitored. The infusion rates of rocuronium and atracurium were adjusted to maintain Tl/Tc ratio of 2%-10%. The total dose of each drug given during each of the three phases of OLT was recorded. Results： Rocuronium requirement, which were （0.468±0.167）mg/（kg·h） during the paleohepatic phase, decreased significantly during the anhepatic phase to （0.303±0.134）mg/（kg·h） and returned to the initial values at the neohepatic period （（0.429±0.130） mg/（kg·h））; whereas atracuruim requirements remained unchanged during orthotopic liver transplantation. Conclusions： This study showed that the exclusion of the liver from the circulation results in the significantly reduced requirement of rocuronium while the requirement of atracurium was not changed, which suggests that the liver is of major importance in the clearance of rocuronium. A continuous infusion of atracurium with constant rate can provide stable neuromuscular blockade during the three stages of OLT.

Pathologic complete response confirmed by surgical resection for liver metastases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor after treatment with imatinib mesylate

A 39-year-old male underwent distal gastrectomy for a high grade gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) . Computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) 107 mo after the operation,revealed a cystic mass(14 cm in diameter) and a solid mass(9 cm in diameter) in the right and left lobes of the liver,respectively. A biopsy specimen of the solid mass showed a liver metastasis of GIST. The patient received imatinib mesylate(IM) treatment,400 mg/day orally. Following the IM treatment for a period of 35 mo,the patient underwent partial hepatectomy(S4 + S5) . The effect of IM on the metastatic lesions was interpreted as pathologic complete response(CR) . Pathologically verified cases showing therapeutic efficacy of IM have been rarely reported.

A new approach to the surgical treatment of parasitic cysts of the liver:Hepatectomy using the liver hanging maneuver

AIM： To review 11 patients with parasitic cysts of the liver, who were treated by hepatic Iobectomy using the liver hanging maneuver （LHM）.METHODS： Between January 2003 and June 2006, we retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent surgical treatment due to parasitic cysts of the liver, at the Ege University School of Medicine, Department of General Surgery. Of these, the patients who underwent hepatic lobectomy using the LHM were reviewed and evaluated for surgical treatment outcome.RESULTS： Over a three-year period, there were 102 patients who underwent surgical treatment for parasitic cysts of the liver. Of these, 11 （10%） patients with parasitic cysts of the liver underwent hepatic Iobectomy using the LHM. Presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and cholangitis. Cyst locations were as follows： right lobe filled with cyst, 7 （63%）; segmental location, 2 （18%）; and multiple locations, 2 patients （18%）. All patients underwent hepatic Iobectomy with an anterior approach using the LHM. The intraoperative blood transfusion requirement was one unit for 3 patients and two units for one patient. Postoperative complications included pulmonary atelectasy （2, 18%） and pleural effusion （2, 18%）. No significant morbidity or mortality was observed.CONCLUSION： We concluded that hepatic Iobectomy using the LHM should be considered, not only for hepatic tumors or donor hepatectomy, but also to treat parasitic cysts of the liver.