育幼期黑猩猩的正强化行为训练

黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)幼崽一般在6~12月龄时逐渐与母亲分离,独立活动;4~5岁时开始与母亲分开睡觉,并独立觅食。由母亲自然育幼的黑猩猩幼崽一旦患病,治疗时往往均会对成幼黑猩猩产生应激。杭州动物园的3只黑猩猩幼崽在1岁左右便能灵活攀爬,但除喂食外,极少应答饲养员的呼唤,且有些个体在独立活动时惧怕与人接触,难以建立信任。为了消除幼崽的恐惧,对处于育幼期的黑猩猩母亲进行训练,让母亲将幼崽抱在怀中,给予幼崽安全感,使其配合训练员和兽医进行抱崽、幼崽触诊、幼崽肌注、成幼黑猩猩称体质量与和谐取食各项训练,经训练,达到监测黑猩猩幼崽健康状况、饲养管理和疾病治疗的目的。

圈养东北虎育幼期的行为观察

2006年5-8月,采用行为取样法对济南动物园1只雌性圈养东北虎育幼期的行为进行了观察,旨在了解东北虎育幼期各种主要行为的活动节律和母性强弱的变化。结果显示：东北虎育幼期的主要行为包括休息、哺乳和运动3类,所占时间百分率分别为38%-51%、10%-39%、12%-25%,其他行为较少,仅占4%-15%。休息时间在1 d中几乎不间断;运动发生较少,主要集中在9：00-11：00和16：00-16：30;由于哺乳与休息具有同步性,哺乳发生次数也较多,没有明显的高峰期,一般每隔30 min就发生1次,1-1.5 h次/。在整个育幼期,母性行为哺乳所占时间比例呈下降趋势;亲仔时间变化不大;离开时间呈上升趋势,说明东北虎在育幼期内母性呈下降趋势。

半散养条件下蒙古野驴幼仔育幼期行为的研究

为探讨半散养蒙古野驴幼仔行为的发育规律，给蒙古野驴野外种群的合理保护提供一些具参考价值的基础资料。采用随意取样法、瞬时扫描取样法和全事件记录法，于2006年8～11月在呼和浩特市大青山野生动物园对刚出生半散养条件下蒙古野驴（Equus hemionus hemious）幼仔育幼期的昼间行为与时间分配进行了观察研究。结果表明，半散养状态下，蒙古野驴幼仔的卧息、站立、母幼联系等行为的时间分配随周龄的增加而减少，运动、摄食等行为的时间分配随周龄的增加而增加。

哈尔滨市西郊野狼湖圈养狼产仔与育幼期行为观察

2013年5月在黑龙江省哈尔滨市西郊野狼湖,采用焦点动物取样法(Focal-animal sampling)对一对圈养狼育幼期行为进行监测。通过视频观察定义狼育幼期行为,详述雌狼生产过程及幼仔行为发育过程,确定狼生产前后行为节律差异变化规律及雌狼育幼期新增的哺乳、舔仔、叼仔、寻仔及与仔游戏等5种母性行为在幼仔发育不同时期的节律差异。将新生的一月龄幼仔划分为3个生长阶段,确定幼仔行为发育规律;针对狼在育幼期出现异常行为进行分析,提出保护建议,提高幼仔成活率,为下一步进行狼犬杂交培育新品种提供理论和技术参考。

小熊猫育幼期间时间分配、活动节律以及育幼行为的研究

育幼期是动物生长发育和繁衍的关键期,而产后30 d幼仔死亡率高发,是为其存活的关键时期。通过研究母体育幼期间的时间分配,活动节律以及育幼行为,将有助于提高其成活率,以及种群数量与质量。小熊猫的育幼期间的时间分配与活动节律缺乏系统的研究。本文采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件记录法,对2013至2016年期间4只育幼期小熊猫进行了研究。结果表明:1)休息行为(58.32%±1.78%)是主要表现形式,其次为育幼(20.43%±2.39%)、探究(6.89%±0.71%),运动(6.27%±0.88%)、求适(5.59%±0.69%)、摄食行为(2.49%±0.56%);2)育幼行为仅在01:00~5:00较低,摄食行为主要发生在19:00~21:00和01:00;3)育幼与摄食、运动、求适和休息显著负相关(P<0.01);而运动与摄食、求适行为显著性正相关(P<0.05);4)在育幼行为中,舔仔的发生频率最高(68.64%±3.02%),其次为哺乳行为(23.45%±2.71%)。

圈养小熊猫育幼期行为对幼仔成活率的影响

为全面了解小熊猫母兽在育幼期的行为变化,2019年6—8月,在中国大熊猫保护研究中心核桃坪基地使用高清晰摄像头对在不同圈舍的3只成年雌性小熊猫的行为进行全天24 h监测,采用瞬时扫描法和全事件取样法记录行为,然后分析研究母兽各种行为对幼仔成活的影响。结果表明:(1)小熊猫育幼早期,育幼成功的母兽“汤圆”休息时间最短为(31.66±22.09)%,育幼(包括舔仔、抱抚仔、叼仔、哺乳行为)时间最长(43.55±23.17)%;“黄毛”休息时间(45.46±6.99)%,育幼时间(31.33±12.86)%;“小乔”休息时间最长(51.05±15.31)%,育幼最短(24.98±8.06)%;“汤圆”“黄毛”“小乔”的活动时间分别为(24.79±7.05)%、(23.21±18.28)%、(23.97±11.91)%。非参数Mann-Whitney U检验表明,育幼成功的“汤圆”与育幼失败的“黄毛”在叼仔行为时间(0.08%vs.0.91%)上有显著差异(P<0.05),“汤圆”与育幼失败的“小乔”在舔仔行为时间(29.41%vs.11.78%)上表现出统计学意义上的差别(P<0.05)。(2)育幼中期,“汤圆”与“小乔”在休息、舔仔和哺乳行为上存在显著差异(P<0.05),它们的休息、舔仔和哺乳时间分别是(29.01%vs.48.86%)、(24.32%vs.15.92%)、(1.24%vs.0.10%)。育幼后期,“汤圆”与“小乔”仅在叼仔时间(0.07%vs.0.39%)上有明显不同(P<0.05)。(3)小熊猫母兽育幼2 d时的行为较关键,其出巢频次、出巢时间和抱抚仔时间会影响成活率;此时育幼成败的母兽出巢频次分别是(11 vs.20)、出巢时间分别为(40 min vs.189 min),育幼成败的母兽抱抚仔时间分别占49.10%、5.28%。研究结果为提高圈养小熊猫的繁殖成活率提供了重要的科学信息。

圈养小熊猫育幼行为的初步观察

Nursing behaviors of the captive red pandas were quantitatively studied by focal sampling methods in Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from July to August, 2000. The results indicated that frequencies of activity and rest were low in the first three days after birth, and became higher as time went by. The frequency of licking cub was higher in the first day after birth and deserting cub was only observed in the seventh day. Frequencies of some behaviors, such as rest, licking cub, cherishing cub, sniffing cub, returning to shed and deserting cub, differed significantly in different phases of the first month after birth. Frequencies of licking cub, cherishing cub, sniffing cub and returning to shed were significantly higher in the pre-nursing period than in the mid-nursing and post-nursing periods. However, frequencies of rest and deserting cub were significantly higher in the post-nursing period than in the per-nursing and mid-nursing periods. The degree of maternal behaviors can be inferred from degree that the mother exposes her babies to the environment and the time that the mother leaves her shed.

秦岭大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)对产仔育幼洞穴的选择

目的探讨秦岭大熊猫产仔育幼洞穴的选择机制。方法对产仔育幼洞穴的性能和构造等物理参数及洞穴外部环境因子进行样方调查,通过系统聚类分析对所调查洞穴的物理属性进行分类。结果大熊猫产仔育幼洞穴选择的主要影响生态因子是坡型、干扰高度和隐蔽性等。结论洞穴内外生态因子的异质性是影响大熊猫洞穴选择的主要因素;大熊猫对偏岩型和隧道型两种洞穴具有较为相近的选择性。

上海野生动物园大熊猫育幼行为初步研究

2017年10月至2018年3月采用连续记录法和焦点取样法,对上海野生动物园熊猫馆的2只雌性大熊猫在育幼期间的时间分配与活动节律进行了初步观察研究。结果表明:2个个体在育幼期间,育幼行为是最主要的行为方式,在育幼前期占90%以上。在整个育幼期间,随时间大熊猫的舔阴和育幼行为呈下降趋势,摄食、休息、活动、求适和其他行为呈上升趋势。但2个个体之间也表现出一定差异:育幼经验不足的个体("芊芊")母性强于育幼经验丰富的个体("思雪"),在育幼期不同阶段,"芊芊"用于护仔、舔仔、哺乳和母仔互动的时间均高于"思雪"。通过对上海野生动物园育幼期大熊猫行为的研究,为圈养育幼期的大熊猫饲养与管理提供科学依据。

圈养大熊猫初生幼仔声音通讯行为研究

对很多动物来说,特别是刚出生的、视觉、身体运动能力等发育不健全的幼体,声音信号的识别与传递是其种群长期续存的重要保障。由于大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca新生幼仔不具备自主移动能力且双眼紧闭,主要依靠声音与母体进行交流,因此,利用Shure VP89M指向性麦克风和Tascam DR-100MKII录音设备对0~45 d大熊猫幼仔的声音进行采集,在Adobe audition 3.0内对采集的信息进行分析,同时,利用焦点动物取样法对哺乳期雌性大熊猫的行为进行详细记录。研究结果发现,1)大熊猫幼仔的声音主要为Squawk、Squall和Croak。Squall基频值(1160.96 Hz±224.99 Hz)和主频值(2239.94 Hz±742.73 Hz)最高,Squawk的基频值(820.53 Hz±160.45 Hz)和主频值(931.98 Hz±435.12 Hz)次之,而Croak的基频值(728.74 Hz±120.34 Hz)和主频值(735.92 Hz±138.48 Hz)最低;2)幼仔发出叫声后,母兽的回应率和行为类型均随叫声类型不同而不同:母兽对幼仔叫声的回应率为62%,其中Squall的回应率最高(67.4%),回应的行为以舔仔为主;其次是Croak(59.0%),以舔仔为主;而Squawk最低(57.8%),以叼仔为主。大熊猫幼仔初期仅仅依赖声音与母体交流,在充分了解其声音特征的基础上,掌握幼仔与母兽间的互动行为,有助于更深入了解圈养大熊猫的育幼行为,为育幼过程中的人工干预提供科学依据。

长沙生态动物园猎豹的人工饲养与繁殖初步研究

以长沙生态动物园内人工饲养的猎豹为例,对其饲养繁殖技术要点进行了阐述,包括饲养环境、日常饲养管理、繁育情况等。重点总结了哺乳期饲料配方,并对育幼期仔豹的饲养管理提出几点建议。

Genes of the adaptive immune system are expressed early in zebrafish larval development following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system （AIS） in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited. Here, we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos, larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes （Rag2, AID, TCRAC, IgLC-1, mIg, slg, IgZ and DAB） 3 and 18 h later. We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation, with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization. This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D. rerio larvae, and provides a window for further functional analyses.

Expression Analysis of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors Ⅰ and Ⅱ During Embryonic and Early Larval Development of Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)

The insulin-like growth factors Ⅰ and Ⅱ （IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ） are important proteins involved in fish growth and develop- ment. Here, we report the isolation of IGF-Ⅱ and expression analysis of IGFs in turbot Scophthalmus maximus, aiming to clarify their function in embryonic and larval development of fish. The deduced IGF-Ⅱ gene is 808 bp in full length, which encodes a protein of 219 amino acids and is 93% similar with that ofParalichthys olicaceus in amino acid sequence. The tissue abundance and the ex- pression pattern of IGFs in a turbot at early development stages were investigated via reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction. Result showed that the IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ genes were widely expressed in tissues of S. maximus. IGF-Ⅰ was detected in all tissues ex- cept intestines with the highest level in liver, while IGF-Ⅱ transcript presented in all tissues except muscle. At the stages of embry- onic and larval development, the mRNA levels of IGFs sharply increased from the stage of unfertilized egg to post larva, followed by a decrease with larval development. However, there was an increase in IGF-Ⅰ at the embryonic stage and IGF-Ⅱ at the gastrula stage, respectively. These results suggested that IGFs play important roles in cell growth and division of the turbot. Our study provides reference data for further investigation of growth regulation in turbot, which can guarantee better understanding of the physiological role that IGFs play in fish.

Early development and the point of no return in pikeperch( Sander lucioperca L.) larvae

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the yolk-sac and oil globule absorption and point of no return （PNR） ofpikeperch （Sander lucioperca L.） larvae. Artificial propagation ofpikeperch was performed at （15±2）℃. Yolk-sac absorption, oil globule absorption, larval growth and the first initial feeding rate were observed to analyze the early growth and to determine the PNR of pikeperch larvae. The total length of newly hatched （0 day after hatching, DAH） pikeperch larvae was （4.25±0.22） mm and the volume of the yolk-sac and the oil globule was （0.30±0.12）mm^3 and （5.14±2.28） 10-2 mm^3 respectively. The yolk-sac and the oil globule were exhausted at 11 DAH and 14 DAH, respectively. Pikeperch larvae began feeding at 8 DAH with an initial feeding rate about 10.0%. From 9 to 14 DAH, the initial feeding rate increased rapidly, and reached its highest （about 82.7%） at 14 DAH. It declined thereafter, 48.9% at 15 DAH and 35.6% at 16 DAH, thus the pikeperch larvae reached PNR by 15-16 DAH. The appropriate first feeding time for the pikeperch larvae is 11-12 DAH, when the initial feeding rate is higher than half of the maximum initial feeding rate.

The potential of ocean acidification on suppressing larval development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Area inflata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle(Arca inflata Reeve).The larvae were reared at pH 8.2(control),7.9,7.6,or 7.3beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization.Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species.Compared with the control,larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3.Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3.However,when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization,shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3.Thus,the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions.Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves.Although the effects appear subtle,they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.

Early Embryo and Larval Development of Inviable Intergeneric Hybrids Derived from Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata

To detect the intergeneric hybridization between the oyster Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata coexisting along the southern coast of China, reciprocal crosses were conducted between the two species. Barriers for sperm recognizing, binding, penetrating the egg, and forming the pronucleus were detected by fluorescence staining. From the results, although fertilization success was observed in hybrid crosses, the overall fertilization rate was lower than that of intraspecific crosses. A large number of hybrid larvae died at 6–8 d after hatching, and those survived could not complete metamorphosis. C. angulata ♀× S. cucullata ♂ larvae had a growth rate similar to that of the maternal species, whereas S. cucullata ♀× C. angulata ♂ larvae grew the slowest among all crosses. Molecular genetics analysis revealed that hybrid progeny were amphimixis hybrids. This study demonstrated that hybrid embryos generated by crossing C. angulata and S. cucullata could develop normally to the larval state, but could not complete metamorphosis and then develop to the spat stage. Thus, there is a post-reproductive isolation between C. angulata and S. cucullata.