新兽药肝益欣对禽盲肠肝炎疗效的临床试验

试验主要是观察龙白泄肝消痛散(肝益欣)对鸡组织滴虫病(盲肠肝炎)引起的肝肿大、出血、脂肪肝综合症的临床治疗效果。结果表明,临床选用浓度0.5%中剂量的肝益欣拌料对鸡盲肠肝炎是较为科学合理的治疗剂量,有效率达80.0%,治疗效果显著。而且该药为中药制剂,具有不残留、不耐药、无毒性等优点,因而无公共卫生危害,符合当今药物的发展趋势。

Relationship between cytokine mRNA expression and organ damage following cecal ligation and puncture

AIM: To investigate the role of cytokine gene expression inorgan damage at different tissue sites during sepsis.METHODS: Male NIH mice were subjected to cecal ligationand puncture (CLP) or sham operetion ( Sham ). Pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4) gene expression in the liverand lung tissue were assessed by RT-PCR. The permeabilityof microvascular and water content in the lungs and liverwere also examined.RESULTS: Significant increase in TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 geneexpression was observed at 3 and 12 h after CLP both in theliver and lungs ( P＜ 0.01). The level of IL-4 gene expressionwas not changed after CLP in the lungs, but increased at 12h after CLP ( P ＜ 0.01) in the liver tissue. Both the liver andlungs showed a significant increase in microcirculatorypermeability at 12 h after CLP (P＜ 0.01), and the increasein the lungs was higher than that in the liver. The watermaes fractions in the liver ( P＜ 0.05) and lungs ( P＜ 0.01)were increased after CLP, and the increase in the lungshappened earlier and more severely than that in the liver.CONCLUSION: The inflammatory response in the liver andlungs wes different during sepsis. At the early stage ofsepsis, pro-inflammatory reaction dominates both in theliver and lungs. But at the later stage of sepsis, induction ofcompensatory anti-inflammatory response was seen in theliver but not in the lungs. This difference in situ activity maycontribute to the different vulnerability of organ damageduring sepsis. The strategy of systemic administration ofanti-inflammatory drugs to sepsis should be reconsidered.

红花散治疗料伤五攒痛

家畜的料伤五攒痛属于现代兽医外科所指蹄叶炎的范畴,它是蹄真皮的弥漫性无败 性的炎症。因患畜站立时四肢攒于腹下、头颈低垂呈五处集攒病状,故称五攒痛。家畜过食浓厚饲料发病。该病发生快、病症重笃,严重影响患畜健康。经用《元亨疗马集》的“红花散”辅以撒乌安等疗法,取得较好的疗效。

孔雀组织滴虫病

2000年8月份,新乡市西郊某个体养殖场饲养的蓝孔雀不断发生死亡。后经笔者亲临观察和实验室诊断,确诊为组织滴虫病(盲肠肝炎),现报告如下:

Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Many of the molecular alterations responsible for sporadic colorectal cancer, namely chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and hypermethylation, also play a role in colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. Colon cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease increases with longer duration of colitis, greater anatomic extent of colitis, the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, family history of CRC and degree of inflammation of the bowel. Chemoprevention includes aminosalicylates, ursodeoxycholic acid, and possibly folic acid and statins. To reduce CRC mortality in IBD, colonoscopic surveillance with random biopsies remains the major way to detect early mucosal dysplasia. When dysplasia is confirmed, proctocolectomy is considered for these patients. Patients with small intestinal Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma. Ulcerative colitis patients with total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal- anastomosis have a rather low risk of dysplasia in the ileal pouch, but the anal transition zone should be monitored periodically. Other extra intestinal cancers, such as hepatobiliary and hematopoietic cancer, have shown variable incidence rates. New endoscopic and molecular screening approaches may further refine our current surveillance guidelines and our understanding of the natural history of dysplasia.

Optical coherence tomography in detection of dysplasia and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and bilio-pancreatic ductal system

Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is an optical imaging modality that performs high-resolution,cross-sectional,subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure of tissues.The physical principle of OCT is similar to that of B-mode ultrasound imaging,except that it uses infrared light waves rather than acoustic waves.The in vivo resolution is 10-25 times better(about 10 μm) than with high-frequency ultrasound imaging,but the depth of penetration is limited to 1-3 mm,depending upon tissue structure,depth of focus of the probe used,and pressure applied to the tissue surface.In the last decade,OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic imaging modality with a wide spectrum of clinical applications in medical practice,including the gastrointestinal(GI) tract and pancreatic-biliary ductal system.OCT imaging from the GI tract can be done in humans by using narrow-diameter,catheter-based probes that can be inserted through the accessory channel of either a conventional front-view endoscope,for investigating the epithelial structure of the GI tract,or a side-view endoscope,inside a standard transparent ERCP catheter,for investigating the pancreatico-biliary ductal system.Esophagus and the esophago-gastric junction has been the most widely investigated organ so far;more recently,also duodenum,colon and pancreatico-biliary ductal system have been extensively investigated.OCT imaging of the gastro-intestinal wall structure is characterized by a multiple-layer architecture that permits an accurate evaluation of the mucosa,lamina propria,muscularis mucosae,andpart of the submucosa.The technique may be,therefore,used to identify pre-neoplastic conditions of the GI tract,such as Barrett's epithelium and dysplasia,and evaluate the depth of penetration of early-stage neoplastic lesions.OCT imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system could improve the diagnostic accuracy for ductal epithelial changes and the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.

Do we have enough evidence for expanding the indications of ESD for EGC?

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is the most advanced and representative technique in the field of therapeutic endoscopy and has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms,including early gastric cancer.The major difference and advantage of ESD compared to existing endoscopic resection techniques,such as endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) and polypectomy,are the width and depth of the resection.Newly developed cutting devices,distal attachable endoscopic accessories,and an advanced electrosurgical unit have helped to overcome the limitations of therapeutic endoscopy in terms of lesion size,location,presence of fibrotic scarring,and accompanying ulcers.As a result,the indications for ESD have been expanded from the classical indication for EMR and polypectomy,and there is now support for a further expansion of ESD indications.At present,the most critical factor to consider in the decision of whether to perform ESD is the probability of unexpected lymph node metastasis.The guidelines for ESD are continually being updated and debated.In this review,we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the expanded guidelines,based on evidence found in the literature.

Colorectal cancer and dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease

Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease carry an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Established risk factors for cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include the younger age at diagnosis, greater extent and duration of disease, increased severity of inflammation, family history of colorectal cancer and coexisting primary sclerosing cholangitis. Recent evidence suggests that current medical therapies and surgical techniques for inflammatory bowel disease may be reducing the incidence of this complication. Nonetheless heightened vigilance and a careful, comprehensive approach to prevent or minimize the complications of invasive cancer are warranted in this unique cohort of patients. Current guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cancer in this high risk population are grounded in the concept of an inflammation-dysplasia- carcinoma sequence. A thorough understanding of the definition and natural history of dysplasia in IBD, as well as the challenges associated with detection and interpretation of dysplasia are fundamental to developing an effective strategy for surveillance and prevention, and understanding the limitations of the current approach to prevention. This article reviews the current consensus guidelines for screening and surveillance of cancer in IBD, as well as presenting the evidence and rationale for chemoprevention of cancer and a discussion of emerging technologies for the detection of dysplasia.

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease Due to Enterovirus 71 in Malaysia

Hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth. The illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents. Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) belongs to the species Human enterovirus A under the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae. EV71 has been associated with an array of clinical diseases including hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like acute flaccid paralysis. A large outbreak of HFMD due to highly neurovirulent EV71 emerged in Malaysia in 1997, and caused 41 deaths amongst young children. In late 2000, a recurrence of an outbreak of HFMD occurred in Malaysia with 8 fatalities in peninsular Malaysia. Outbreak of HFMD due to EV71 recurred in 2003 with an unknown number of cases and mortalities. A similar outbreak of HFMD with 2 recorded deaths in young children occurred in peninsular Malaysia in late 2005 and this was followed by a larger outbreak in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) with 6 reported fatalities in the early part of 2006. The current on-going outbreak of HFMD started in peninsular Malaysia in epidemiological week 12 of 2010. As with other HFMD outbreaks in Malaysia, both EV71 and CA16 were the main aetiological viruses isolated. In similarity with the HFMD outbreak in 2005, the isolation of CA16 preceded the appearance of EV71. Based on the VP1 gene nucleotide sequences, 4 sub-genogroups of EV71 (C1, C2, B3 and B4) co-circulated and caused the outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in peninsular Malaysia in 1997. Two sub-genogroups (C1 and B4) were noted to cause the outbreak in 2000 in both peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. EV71 of sub-genogroup B5 with smaller contribution from sub-genogroup C1 caused the outbreak in 2003. In the 2005 outbreak, besides the EV71 strains of sub-genogroup C1, EV71 strains belonging to sub-genogroup B5 were isolated but formed a cluster which was distinct from the EV71 strains from the sub-genogroup B5 isolated in 2003. The four EV71 strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in the Sarawak outbreak in early 2006 also belonged to sub-genogroup B5. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene suggests that the EV71 strains causing the outbreak in Sarawak could have originated from peninsular Malaysia. Epidemiological and molecular data since 1997 show the recurrence of HFMD due to EV71 in Malaysia every 2 to 4 years. In each of the past outbreaks, more than one sub-genogroup of the virus co-circulate.

Biomarkers for colitis-associated colorectal cancer

Patients with extensive ulcerative colitis(UC) of more than eight years duration have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Molecular biomarkers for dysplasia and cancer could have a great clinical value in managing cancer risk in these UC patients. Using a wide range of molecular techniques- including cutting-edge OMICS technologies- recent studies have identified clinically relevant biomarker candidates from a variety of biosamples, including colonic biopsies, blood, stool, and urine. While the challenge remains to validate these candidate biomarkers in multi-center studies and with larger patient cohorts, it is certain that accurate biomarkers of colitis-associated neoplasia would improve clinical management of neoplastic risk in UC patients. This review highlights the ongoing avenues of research in biomarker development for colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Education-based approach to addressing non-evidence-based practice in preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal complications

AIM:To evaluate an evidence-based educational program for improving strategies for prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID)-associated gastrointestinal(GI)complications. METHODS:Four hundred and fifty-six specialists replied to a questionnaire that covered issues related to NSAID-induced adverse effects.They also collected data from their last five consecutive patients before and after they had attended an evidence-based seminar on GI prevention strategies. RESULTS:Four hundred and forty-one of 456 specialists(96.7%)participated in the survey,and 382(83.7%)in the education-based study that recorded data from 3728 patients.The specialists overestimated the risk of GI complications with NSAIDs,underestimated the GI safety profile of coxibs,but were aware of the risk factors and of the current prevention strategies.Proton pump inhibitors were co-prescribed with NSAIDs in>80% of patients with and without risk factors.The educational program had little impact on prescribing habits.CONCLUSION:Specialists are informed of advances in NSAID-associated adverse effects and have high rates of GI-prevention therapy.Our educational program did not alter these rates.

Involvement of clustered oyster Wnt genes in gut formation

Genes encoding Wnt ligands play important roles in organ development. The Wnt10-Wnt6-Wnt1-Wnt9 cluster widely presents in many metazoan genomes, indicating the importance of gene arrangement. Hypothesis has been proposed that they may be coordinately regulated. However, few expression correlations were identified in model animals. We analyzed the tissue expression pattern of clustered oyster Wnt10, Wnt6, Wnt1, and Wnt9 a genes in this study. The results indicated the highest expression level in adult gut system of these clustered W nt genes, except for Wnt6, which had highest expression in mantle. Further whole-mount immunofluorescence assay indicated that Wnt6 protein was restricted to gut region in oyster larvae. These results suggest the possible important role of the W nt10-Wnt6-Wnt1-Wnt9 cluster in oyster gut formation.

Posterior gut development in Drosophila:a model system for identifying genes controlling epithelial morphogenesis

The posterior gut of the Drosophila embryo, consisting of hindgut and Malpighian tubules, provides a simple,well-defined system where it is possible to use a genetic approach to define components essential for epithelial morphogenesis.We review here the advantages of Drosophila as a model genetic organism, the morphogenesis of the epithelial structures of the posterior gut, and what is known about the genetic requirements to form these structures.In overview, primordia are patterned by expression of hierarchies of transcription factors; this leads to localized expression of cell signaling molecules, and finally, to the least understood step: modulation of cell adhesion and cell shape. We describe approaches to identify additional genes that are required for morphogenesis of these simple epithelia, particularly those that might play a structural role by affecting cell adhesion and cell shape.

Identification, characteristic and phylogenetic analysis of type II DNA topoisomerase gene in Giardia lamblia

The genes encoding type II DNA topoisomerases were investigated in Giardia lamblia genome, and a type IIA gene,GlTop 2 was identified. It is a single copy gene with a 4476 bp long ORF without intron. The deduced amino acid sequence shows strong homology to eukaryotic DNA Top 2. However, some distortions were found, such as six insertions in the ATPase domain and the central domain, a -100 aa longer central domain; a ~200 aa shorter C-terminal domain containing rich charged residues. These features revealed by comparing with Top 2 of the host, human, might be helpful in exploiting drug selectivity for antigiardial therapy. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic enzymes showed that kinetoplastids, plants, fungi, and animals were monophyletic groups, and the animal and fungi lineages shared a more recent common ancestor than either did with the plant lineage; microsporidia grouped with fungi. However, unlike many previous phylogenetic analyses, the ''amitochondriate'' G. lamblia was not the earliest branch but diverged after mitochondriate kinetoplastids in our trees. Both the finding of typical eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerase and the phylogenetic analysis suggest G, lamblia is not possibly as primitive as was regarded before and might diverge after the acquisition of mitochondria. This is consistent with the recent discovery of mitochondrial remnant organelles in G. lamblia.

Colorectal cancer screening behavior and willingness

The outpatient-based study by Deng et al [World J Gastroenterol 2011 July 14; 17(26): 3133-3139] on the factors that may influence the colorectal cancer (CRC) screening feasibility, encouraged our curiosity. Establishing a simple method for quickly assessing the educational level of patients and modulating a questionnaire for each type of patient, may be an effective protocol to increase the people participation, mainly in countries where sufficient medical resources and financial support are lacking. In fact, the knowledge directly affects the feasibility when screening is offered. Patient educational level influences the understanding of the knowledge and the screening method. This factor may affect patient's priority level on the study participation, the understanding of questions, and the motivation to complete the questionnaire and, consequently, the screening success. Recent studies have found a relationship between high educational level and CRC screening participation, and emphasized the question-naire ineffectiveness in the illiterate people. Although the questionnaire is an excellent method for this kind of evaluation, physician's contribution could be the most important factor associated with the screening method. Thus, further studies should be conducted to explore the compliance of patients with low educational level and to look for the best solutions for their enrollment.

p53 antibodies,metallothioneins,and oxidative stress markers in chronic ulcerative colitis with dysplasia

AIM:To investigate the role of p53 antibodies (p53Abs),metallothioneins (MTs) and oxidative stress markers in the early detection of dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis (UC).METHODS:The study included 30 UC patients,15 without dysplasia (group Ⅱ) and 15 with dysplasia (group Ⅲ),in addition to 15 healthy volunteers (group Ⅰ,control subjects).The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to measure serum p53Abs and MTs,while advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs),and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured by spectrophotometric method in all subjects.RESULTS:In group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ compared to group Ⅰ,there were significant increases in serum levels of AOPPs (145.94 ± 29.86 μmol/L and 192.21 ± 46.71 μmol/L vs 128.95 ± 3.06 μmol/L,P < 0.002 and P <0.001,respectively),MTs (8.18 ± 0.35 μg/mL and 9.20 ± 0.58 μg/mL vs 6.12 ± 0.25 μg/mL,P < 0.05 and P < 0.05,respectively),and p53Abs (20.19 ± 3.20 U/mL and 34.66 ± 1.34 U/mL vs 9.42 ± 1.64 U/mL,P < 0.001 and P < 0.001,respectively).There were significantly higher levels of AOPPs (P < 0.05) and p53Abs (P < 0.001) in UC patients with dysplasia compared to those without dysplasia,while MTs showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > 0.096).In contrast,GSH levels showed a significant decrease in both patients' groups (1.87 ± 0.02 μmol/mL and 1.37 ± 0.09 μmol/mL vs 2.49 ± 0.10 μmol/mL,P < 0.05 and P < 0.05 in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ,respectively) compared with group Ⅰ,and the levels were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than group Ⅱ (P < 0.05).There was a positive correlation between AOPPs and both MTs (r=0.678,P < 0.001) and p53Abs (r=0.547,P < 0.001),and also between p53Abs and MTs (r=0.739,P < 0.001).There was a negative correlation between AOPPs and GSH (r =-0.385,P < 0.001),and also between GSH and both MTs (r=-0.662,P < 0.001) and p53Abs (r=-0.923,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress and oxidative cellular damage play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic UC and the associated carcinogenetic process.p53Abs levels could help in early detection of dysplasia in these conditions.

Massive gastrointestinal bleeding: An unusual case of asymptomatic extrarenal, visceral, fibromuscular dysplasia

Extrarenal fibromuscular dysplasia causing gastro- intestinal bleeding without other manifestations and especially sparing renal vasculature is uncommon. The diagnosis of this entity is usually made by radiographic appearance and the treatment is controversial. To our knowledge only seven cases of visceral fibromuscular dysplasia as a primary manifestation of the disease have been described, symptoms range from abdominal pain to gangrene. This is the first case of visceral fibromuscular dysplasia presenting with otherwise asymptomatic gastrointestinal bleeding, without bowel necrosis or ischemic changes. We provide a review of the literature.

Molecular cloning,tissue expression of gene Muc2 in blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala and regulation after re-feeding

Mucins are important components of mucus, which form a natural, physical, biochemical and semipermeable mucosal layer on the epidermis offish gills, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. As the first step towards characterizing the function of Muc2, we cloned a partial Megalobrama amblycephala Muc2 cDNA of 2 175 bp, and analyzed its tissue-specific expression pattern by quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR）. The obtained sequence comprised 41 bp 5＇-untranslated region （5＇-UTR）, 2 134 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 711 amino acids. BLAST searching and phylogenetic analysis showed that the predicted protein contained several common secreted mucin-module domains （VWD-C8-TIL-VWD-C8） and had high homology with mucins from other vertebrates. Among four candidate reference genes （β-Actin, RP113a, RPII, 18S） for the qPCR, RPII was chosen as an appropriate reference gene because of its lowest variation in different tissues. M. amblycephala Muc2 was mainly expressed in the intestine, in the order （highest to lowest） middle-intestine 〉 fore-intestine 〉 hind-intestine. Muc2 was expressed relatively poorly in other organs （brain, liver, kidney, spleen, skin and gill）. Furthermore, after 20-days of starvation, M. amblycephala Muc2 expressions after refeeding for 0 h, 3 h, 16 h, 3 d, and 10 d were significantly decreased in the three intestinal segments （P〈0.05） at 16 h, and were then upregulated to near the initial level at 10 d.

Effect of Zinc Sulfate against the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with Reference to Their Histological Changes on the Larval Midgut and Adult Reproductive System

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorusferrugineus is the most important insect pest for the date palm trees in the Middle East and Gulf states. Zinc sulfate （ZnSOa＇H20） was toxicologically, biologically and physiologically evaluated as insect development disruptors against the RPW. LCs0 of Zinc sulfate against 10 days old larvae was 0.566%, 3% concentration inhibited the larvae from feeding. LCs0 concentration of zinc sulfate solution was capable to disrupting growth, development and reproduction of R. ferrugineus. Growth and development disruptions are resulted from larval feeding on the treated diet that causing percentage of mortality rate, retardation in larval and pupal duration, percentage of pupation, adults emergence, reduction in deposited eggs that laid by the resulting adults and in the egg fertility. The study further reveals that Zinc sulfate effects on histological structure of epithelial cells of the larval midgut including separation and elongation of their cells, rupture in the peritrophic membrane and in some microvilli and some degeneration of the surrounding muscles. Histological changes also was observed on the adults ovary, in this way, disrupt female gamete production through their action on the accumulation of yolk granules （vitellogenesis） and follicular epithelial cells. Disruption of male gamete production was detected by disorganized of testicular cysts and depopulation of these cysts in addition to degeneration in germ cells. Zinc sulfate may be used among other control methods by injection into the tree trunk or as fertilizer around the tree roots which in turn may have an indirect effect for controlling the RPW.