中国六家肿瘤中心与欧美肿瘤中心放疗医师培养工作比较

目的对比国内外优秀放疗中心肿瘤放疗专科医师培养经验,为中国肿瘤专科医院放疗基地医师培养体制提供改进的依据。方法通过电子问卷邮件和在线调查,收取中国6家省级肿瘤专科医院和欧美5家肿瘤专科中心的住院医师及教师反馈,描述和比较培养模式。结果中国26位住院医师和23位教师参与调查。国外20位住院医师和1位教师回答问卷,并反馈4份专科医师培养制度文件。中国专科医师培养计划分成2个阶段,本研究结果反应第一阶段情况。在培养目标、临床实践培养形式、轮转培养规则以及考核设置上中国与国外相同。但中国比国外规范化培训时长少(2~3年比4~5年)。中国项目覆盖主要常见病种;国外按照病种轮转保证每个病种的实践。中国工作量多数为40~60 h/周,国外住院医师工作时间多依照本地法规要求,但美国纽约项目长达60~80 h/周。结论中国6家肿瘤中心放疗专科医师培养第一阶段在总体目标、培养模式和考核方向上与欧美优质项目相似,但在项目总时长尤其是放疗科内轮转时长和按照病种轮转方面低于欧美项目。

中华放射肿瘤学杂志稿约

本刊为放射肿瘤治疗专业学术期刊,以中高级专业医师为主要读者对象,以肿瘤放疗、放射生物、放射物理、热疗等为主要内容,报道本领域领先的科研成果和临床诊疗经验,以及对临床有指导作用和与临床密切结合的基础理论研究。本刊的办刊宗旨是贯彻党和国家的卫生工作方针政策,实行理论与实践、普及与提高相结合的方针,反映我国肿瘤放疗学科研工作的进展,促进国内外学术交流。本刊设有专论(主要为约稿)、论著、短篇论著、病例报告、经验交流、技术与方法、综述、讲座、医学新闻、书刊评介、读者·作者·编者等栏目,欢迎投稿。

Usefulness of two independent hist classifications of tumor regression iUsefulness of two independent histopathological classifications of tumor regression in patients with rectal cancer submitted to hyperfractionated pre-operative radiotherapy

AIM： To assess the usefulness of two independent histopathological classifications of rectal cancer regression following neo-adjuvant therapy. METHODS： Forty patients at the initial stage cT3NxM0 submitted to preoperative radiotherapy （42 Gy during 18 d） and then to radical surgical treatment. The relationship between ＂T-downstaging＂ versus regressive changes expressed by tumor regression grade （TRG 1-5） and Nasierowska-Guttmejer classification （NG 1-3） was studied as well as the relationship between TRG and NG versus local tumor stage ypT and lymph nodes status, ypN. RESULTS： Complete regression （ypT0, TRG 1） was found in one patient. ＂T-downstaging＂ was observed in 11 （27.5%） patients. There was a weak statistical significance of the relationship between ＂T-downstaging＂ and TRG staging and NG stage. Patients with ypT1 were diagnosed as TRG 2-3 while those with ypT3 as TRGS. No lymph node metastases were found in patients with TRG 1-2. None of the patients without lymph node metastases were diagnosed as TRG 5. Patients in the ypT1 stage were NG 1-2. No lymph node metastases were found in NG 1. There was a significant correlation between TRG and NG. CONCLUSION： Histopathological classifications may be useful in the monitoring of the effects of hyperfractionated preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer at the stage of cT3NxM0. There is no unequivocal relationship between ＂Todownstaging＂ and TRG and NG. There is some concordance in the assessment of lymph node status with ypT, TRG and NG. TRG and NG are of limited value for the risk assessment of the lymph node involvement.

Dosimetric evaluation using the diode measurements for total skin electron therapy technique

Objective： The purpose of this study was to present the dosimetric study and evaluation the dose delivered to the skin tumor by using diode detector with total skin electron therapy （TSET）. Methods： The total skin electron irradiation （TSEI） technique was used to treat ten patients with histological confirmed mycosis fungoides according to the Stanford staging system at the Radiotherapy Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt. High dose rate electron beams with low electron energy 5 MeV from a Siemens linear accelerator were used for treatment. Diodes were calibrated at TSET distance 300 cm and field size （35 × 35） cm^2. Results： The result of diodes measurements showed the dose to flat surface of the body was within ：1：10 % from the prescribed dose. Special areas of the body such as the perineum ＆ eyelid showed large deviation up to 30% variation from the prescription dose. Conclusion： The diode results of this study will be used as a quality assurance check for all new patients treated with TSET and to compare it to the prescribed dose delivered to the patients. It is recommends to evaluate the diodes measurements for all patients throughout the full treatment cycle and to identify individually the boost dose areas.

Inhibition of human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by targeted silencing of tumor enhancer genes: an overview

Esophageal cancer has been reported as the ninth most common malignancy and ranks as the sixth most frequent cause of death worldwide. Esophageal cancer treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combination therapy. Novel strategies are needed to boost the oncologic outcome. Recent advances in the molecular biology of esophageal cancer have documented the role of genetic alterations in tumorigenesis. Oncogenes serve a pivotal function in tumorigenesis. Targeted therapies are directed at the unique molecular signature of cancer cells for enhanced efficacy with low toxicity. RNA interference(RNAi) technology is a powerful tool for silencing endogenous or exogenous genes in mammalian cells. Related results have shown that targeting oncogenes with siRNAs, specifically the mRNA, effectively reduces tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death. This article will briefly review studies on silencing tumor enhancer genes related to the induction of esophageal cancer.

Combined modality therapy following bladder conservation surgery for bladder cancers

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of recurrence prophylaxis using radiation and chemotherapy following bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive bladder cancer. METHODS: 23 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer were treated with radiotherapy combined with bladder mitomycin infusion after bladder conservation surgery (study group). Radiotherapy was given using an external beam at an average dose of 5148 +/- 462 cGy with conventional fractionation. For comparison, 29 similar patients treated with postoperative bladder mitomycin infusion without radiation served as control (control group). All patients were followed up for more than 3 years, an average of 41.6 months (36 - 60 months). RESULTS: The 3-year pelvic recurrent rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer was 17.4% in the study group and 44.8% (P = 0.036) in the control group. The 3-year distant metastasis rates were 17.4% and 24.1%, respectively (P = 0.554). The 3-year overall survival rates were 81.8% and 86.2%, respectively (P = 0.670). Two patients from the study group had their treatment interrupted, one for 3 days and the other for one week due to acute cystitis, while the rest of the patients were able to complete the treatment according to schedule. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy after bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive bladder cancer can decrease the rate of pelvic recurrence effectively and be used as a realistic adjuvant treatment.

Combined modality therapy following bladder conservation surgery for bladder cancers

To analyze the efficacy of recurrence prophylaxis using radiation and chemotherapy following bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive bladder cancer Methods 23 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer were treated with radiotherapy combined with bladder mitomycin infusion after bladder conservation surgery (study group) Radiotherapy was given using an external beam at an average dose of 5148±462 cGy with conventional fractionation For comparison, 29 similar patients treated with postoperative bladder mitomycin infusion without radiation served as control (control group) All patients were followed up for more than 3 years, an average of 41 6 months (36-60 months) Results The 3 year pelvic recurrent rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer was 17 4% in the study group and 44 8% ( P =0 036) in the control group The 3 year distant metastasis rates were 17 4% and 24 1%, respectively ( P =0 554) The 3 year overall survival rates were 81 8% and 86 2%, respectively ( P =0 670) Two patients from the study group had their treatment interrupted, one for 3 days and the other for one week due to acute cystitis, while the rest of the patients were able to complete the treatment according to schedule Conclusion Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy after bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive bladder cancer can decrease the rate of pelvic recurrence effectively and be used as a realistic adjuvant treatment