园艺植物水分胁迫生理及耐旱机制研究进展

概述了园艺植物在水分胁迫下的生理生化、分子反应及耐旱机制研究进展 。

3种湿地植物去污效果及其胁迫生理效应研究

选用黄花鸢尾、伞草、埃及莎草3种挺水植物作为湿地植物进行水培,研究其对生活污水中主要污染物的净化能力和胁迫生理效应,并分析了不同浓度生活污水对净化效果和植物胁迫生理的影响。结果表明,3种植物均生长良好。当污水停留时间(HRT)为7 d时,伞草对NH3-N、TP、CODcr的去除率分别为47.25%、32.06%、49.00%;黄花鸢尾对NH3-N、TP、CODcr的去除率分别为52.00%、32.25%、46.67%;埃及莎草对NH3-N、TP、CODcr的去除率分别为48.94%、15.88%、51.17%。经过处理后的污水水质显著提高,充分表明这3种植物应用于人工湿地是可行的。

盐胁迫下罗汉松生长和生理变化的研究

室内水培条件下设计盐胁迫梯度试验,通过新梢生长量、新根数等形态指标和Na+、K+含量比、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性等生理指标的测定,研究了罗汉松幼苗在不同盐胁迫条件下的动态响应过程.结果表明:(1)罗汉松在盐胁迫初期,低盐条件下有利新梢生长,高盐条件下抑制新梢生长;但延长胁迫时间,低盐条件也一定程度地抑制新梢生长.(2)在低盐和中盐条件下罗汉松仍能发根,但高盐条件下新根发生基本停止.(3)随着胁迫程度加剧和胁迫时间延长,Na+、K+含量比呈上升趋势,但低盐和中盐条件下Na+、K+含量比值较接近,而高盐条件下Na+、K+含量比明显升高.(4)不同程度的盐胁迫使脯氨酸含量显著增加,但随胁迫时间延长,脯氨酸含量呈下降趋势.(5)叶绿素在低盐条件下未受明显破坏,但在中盐和高盐条件下受破坏较大.(6)胁迫初期,SOD在低盐和中盐条件下活性较高,高盐条件下活性降低;胁迫后期,低盐条件下SOD活性维持较高水平,但中盐和高盐条件下SOD明显下降.

盐胁迫对桐花树生长及生理的响应

为探明桐花树在滨海区域的耐盐性,筛选出其最佳的耐盐浓度,设置不同盐度(0.5‰、1‰、1.5‰、3‰、6‰、9‰),对桐花树进行培养,测定不同盐度胁迫下桐花树的生理反应,分别测定形态学指标和生理学指标。结果表明,在培养期间,桐花树均显示出差异(P<0.05)。从植株高度、叶片长度形态指标和过氧化氢酶、丙二醛生理指标看,盐度越低,桐花树生长状况越好,受盐度的影响越小。因此,桐花树较适宜种植在滨海地区盐度较低的区域。

土壤芘、铜及其复合污染对玉米幼苗生理胁迫的拮抗作用

为探究土壤中芘、铜及其复合污染对玉米幼苗的生理胁迫,通过盆栽试验,研究玉米幼苗在单一芘、铜及其复合处理土壤中的生长状况、叶片叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和组织中铜的浓度变化。结果表明,单一芘、铜处理后,随其处理浓度的增大,玉米幼苗湿重、株高、叶绿素含量均降低,叶片MDA含量增加,而叶片POD活性先增加后降低。根据试验结果及Abott公式可判断,复合芘、铜处理对玉米幼苗的胁迫存在拮抗作用。单一铜和复合芘、铜胁迫下,铜在玉米组织中根部浓度大于叶、茎,且其含量随外部处理浓度的增加而升高。

不同潮汐环境鱼藤幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性的生理响应

为了探讨鱼藤(Derris trifoliata)幼苗在不同的水盐环境中的生理生化过程的变化,通过人工控制实验模拟25种潮汐环境,培育鱼藤幼苗,观测其在不同潮汐环境中,叶片内抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物和膜系统损伤程度。结果表明:在盐度和淹水单一因素影响下,在盐度0~40范围内,鱼藤幼苗叶片内的SOD和CAT活性均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,在盐度20环境中出现峰值;在淹水时间0~8 h·d^(-1)范围内,鱼藤幼苗叶片内的SOD和CAT活性均变化不显著。鱼藤幼苗叶片内游离脯氨酸FPRO和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,随着盐度和淹水时间的增加呈现增长的变化趋势,分别在盐度40和淹水8 h·d^(-1)的处理中达到最大。在本研究设定的盐度和淹水时间共同作用下,鱼藤幼苗叶片内的SOD活性、CAT活性、FPRO和MDA含量分别在:盐度20+淹水6 h·d^(-1)、盐度20+淹水8 h·d^(-1)、盐度40+淹水8 h·d^(-1)的环境中出现峰值。综上所述,鱼藤幼苗在淹水时间短、盐度低的环境中,其抗氧化酶抵御胁迫损伤的能力较强,生长较正常,因此,对该环境中的红树林植被影响相对较大,而在淹水时间长、盐度高的环境中,抗氧化酶抵御胁迫损伤的能力较弱,生长受到抑制,因此对该条件下的红树林植被影响相对减小。

重金属镉对茶树生理特性的影响

以二年生福鼎大白茶为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,探讨了重金属镉胁迫对茶树生理特性的影响。结果表明,在试验设置的镉胁迫浓度范围(5～40 mg/kg)内,镉在茶树叶片中的含量随着镉胁迫浓度的增加而提高,反映出茶树对镉具有富集特性。在生理指标方面,叶片可溶性蛋白含量随着镉胁迫浓度的增加而降低;20 mg/kg以下浓度的镉胁迫能提高茶树叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性,10 mg/kg以下浓度的镉胁迫能增加茶树叶片的丙二醛、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的含量;而超过上述镉胁迫浓度后则降低了超氧化物歧化酶活性,减少了丙二醛、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的含量,并且影响了茶树的正常生长。这个结果可为茶园生产中镉毒害的田间预报、监测指标的确认、数据可信度辨析、污染程度评价等方面提供有价值的参考。

番茄秧苗运贮中质量变化的生理因素分析

采用电子显微透射观察以及生理指标测定等方法进行番茄秧苗运贮试验,结果表明:运贮期间番茄叶片细胞叶绿体超微结构及叶绿体数量和体积均发生改变,各项生理指标发生明显而定向的变化。这些变化表明番茄秧苗运贮期间的质量下降实质是由于“断光”“断水”而引起的不同于“衰老”的整株型“胁迫性生理衰变”,这种“衰变”主要是由于环境条件(温度、光照、水分、养分)的急剧改变而引起的变化,与生理性衰老比较,只要环境条件恢复正常,植株“衰变”症状的恢复性较好。

茶树重金属胁迫研究概况

鉴于目前很多茶叶中的重金属含量在逐年增加,而且有超标的趋势,本文通过分析重金属污染的来源及含量,探讨重金属对茶树生理胁迫的可能机制,从而提出减轻土壤重金属对茶树生理毒害的有效途径,为茶园优质高产创造良好的生态条件。

铜污染对芹菜生长及生理特性的影响

以芹菜定植苗为试材,通过设CuSO4.5H2O 05、、10、204、0 mg/L营养液水培试验,研究Cu污染对芹菜生长的影响及生理胁迫伤害。结果表明:低浓度CuSO45 mg/L对芹菜生长有促进作用,随浓度递增20~40 mg/L对生长有抑制作用;根系活力在CuSO4浓度为5 mg/L时较对照上升,随浓度递增而下降;叶绿素a含量在低浓度CuSO45 mg/L含量上升,随浓度递增含量下降,对叶绿素a的影响大于叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素;硝酸还原酶在CuSO4浓度为5 mg/L时较对照上升,再随浓度递增而不断下降;POD活性随Cu浓度升高先上升后下降再上升;SOD和CAT活性先上升后下降;叶细胞膜渗透性丙二醛(MDA)及含量相对电导率随CuSO4浓度升高而不断上升。

不同胁迫对新疆大叶补血草种子萌发的影响

以分布在新疆北疆境内的大叶补血草为材料,通过模拟野外3种不同胁迫环境(即0~300 mmol/L NaCl溶液、0~150 mmol/L Na_(2)CO_(3)溶液、0~595 mmol/L甘露醇溶液)对种子萌发生理的影响。结果表明,随NaCl浓度增加,种子萌发时间推迟,发芽指数先增加后减少,在50 mmol/L NaCl时最大;随NaCl处理时间的延长,种子发芽势升高,萌发率曲线呈上升趋势并趋于稳定,且在300 mmol/L NaCl处理时,种子萌发率最低;随Na_(2)CO_(3)浓度增加,发芽指数先增加后减少,50 mmol/L Na_(2)CO_(3)处理下最高;随Na_(2)CO_(3)处理时间的延长,种子发芽势增加,且在第10天和第15天保持不变,萌发率曲线呈上升趋势并趋于稳定,30 mmol/L和50 mmol/L Na_(2)CO_(3)处理下,种子萌发率明显高于对照,150 mmol/L Na_(2)CO_(3)处理时,种子萌发率最低;随甘露醇浓度增加,种子萌发时间推迟,发芽指数逐渐降低,在595 mmol/L浓度处理下,种子全程无萌发,与对照相比,Na_(2)CO_(3)和甘露醇胁迫对种子胚根和子叶的生长均有抑制作用,NaCl胁迫对种子子叶生长的抑制作用高于对种子胚根生长的抑制作用;3种不同胁迫处理下,种子SOD活性变化曲线呈“V”型,POD活性变化曲线呈倒“V”型,MDA含量与溶液浓度基本呈正相关关系。研究发现,低浓度的盐胁迫、碱胁迫和渗透胁迫均促进大叶补血草种子的萌发,种子通过调节SOD、POD活性和自身生长,对3种胁迫具有一定的适应能力。

microRNA参与植物次生代谢与非生物胁迫的调控

微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)为广泛存在于真核生物中的约16~29个核苷酸长度的内源非编码单链RNA分子,在植物中参与细胞增殖、分化、代谢、器官形成以及抵御盐、温度、干旱、重金属胁迫等方面的调节。植物miRNA主要通过对靶基因降解或抑制靶基因的表达,影响植物的生长发育。目前对miRNA的产生与调控方式的研究较为清晰,且miRNA在植物次生代谢和响应非生物胁迫方面的具体作用和调控网络也得到了鉴定,这为充分理解miRNA的分子调控作用奠定了基础。为了更好地理解miRNA的表达调控特性,解读miRNA在植物次生代谢与非生物胁迫反应中的调控网络,本文综述了植物miRNA参与的次生代谢产物生物合成(黄酮类、萜类、生物碱)和响应环境压力(盐、高温、低温、干旱、重金属胁迫)的分子调控机制,总结了miRNA在次生代谢与非生物胁迫中基因表达的调控作用,这为理解环境压力与植物机体代谢之间的联系,深入研究miRNA维持植物机体稳态的调控机制、培育优良作物品种提供了可借鉴的参考。

3个品种杧果的叶片组织结构观察

从解剖学角度观察和分析了爱文、贵妃、紫花等3个品种杧果(芒果)的叶片组织结构。观测数据的统计分析结果表明:3个品种杧果的气孔密度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片厚度间差异极显著,其中贵妃杧的气孔密度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片厚度均为最大;3个品种的叶片气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度的变异系数均较小,表明其气孔的密度、长度和宽度是比较稳定的性状,因而可用作品种鉴定的指标。

我国黄秋葵栽培技术研究进展及展望

本文分别从栽培措施、干旱胁迫生理指标、栽培模式和品种比较等方面阐述和归纳了相关学者对黄秋葵的研究成果,并对黄秋葵发展前景进行了展望,以期为农业生产和进一步深入研究提供支撑和便利。

Influence of Water Stress on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi

Previous studies have shown that water stress can stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plant can play a key role in its defense responses to water stress.So the physiological and biochemical characteristics of potted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plants were investigated under continuous water stress condition.The results showed that the water content in roots,stems and leaves,together with chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased as the water stress strengthened.Simultaneously,the specific leaf weight increased,and the content of proline and soluble sugar in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi leaves increased significantly.The changing trends of the baicalin content in the roots,stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were different.It increased continuously in roots,while ascended constantly in the stems and leaves during the early days under the water stress,but decreased sharply under the heavy stress.In conclusion,proline and soluble sugar had a close correlation with the drought resistance of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.Moderate drought is in favor of synthesizing the secondary metabolites.

Effects of Low Temperature Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Podocarpus nagi

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of low temperature stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Podocarpus nagi. [Method] Through the determination of physiological indices such as plasma membrane permeability, free proline content, soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde （MDA） content and chlorophyll content, the change law of these indices of P. nagi seedlings under natural conditions and artificially controlled low temperature conditions within the continuous 5 d was studied. [Result] The soluble sugar content, free proline content, MDA content and plasma membrane permeability of P. nagi seedlings were slightly in- creased compared with control; the chlorophyll content gradually decreased with the prolongation of low temperature stress. P. nagi seedlings produced active response to low temperature stress, so the low temperature injury P. nagi seedlings suffered was reduced. [Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for winter management in P. nagi cultivation in Hanjiang plain area.

Screening of Drought-tolerant Brassica napus L.Varieties and Analysis on Their Physiologic and Biochemical Variations under Drought Stress

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen drought-tolerant Brassica napus L. germplasm resources by analyzing their physiological and biochemical changes under drought stress. [Method] Forty varieties of B. napus varieties were cultured under PEG-6000 osmotic stress and extreme drought stress in pots, re- spectively. Then, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, malondialdehyde （MDA）, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase（CAT）, peroxidase（POD） were measured under drought stress. [Result] Sever- al drought-tolerant varieties of B. napus were screened out： YAU200908, Xiangyou No.15, YAU200903, YAU200907, YAU200906 and YAU200904. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that, the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid de- creased with drought stress increasing; the contents of proline, soluble sugar, solu- ble protein, MDA and the activities of SOD,CAT, POD raised with drought stress in- creasing. [Conclusion] In the rapeseed varieties with stronger drought tolerance, the decrease in carotenoid content and the increase in proline content, soluble sugar content, MDA content, SOD activity, CAT activity were more obvious, so all these physiological and biochemical indices can be used to evaluate the drought tolerance of rapeseed.

Physiological Responses of Actinidia arguta (Seib.et.Zucc.) to Low Temperature Stress

[Objective] To study the ecophysiological effects of low temperature stress on Actinidia arguta （Seib.et.Zucc.）, and provide a theoretical basis for the introduc- tion and breeding of cold resistant varieties. [Method] A. arguta as the test material was processed at room temperature of 4 ℃ to determine the contents of chloro- phyll, water soluble sugar, water soluble protein, free proline, MDA, and antioxidant enzymes （POD activity, SOD activity, CAT activity） with the treatment at 25℃ as the control. [Results] The results indicated that with the prolonging of stress time, the content of chlorophyll was first increased and then decreased, and the content of MDA was increased; soluble sugar content of seedling leaf decreased gradually, while the soluble protein and proline content of seedling leaves were first increased and then decreased; the activities of SOD and POD were displayed a decline trend, meanwhile the activities of CAT was first increased and then decreased. [Conclu- sion] The various indicators showed that under low temperature stress, the chloro- phyll content decreased accompanied with membrane lipid peroxidation and MDA accumulation, and soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and antioxidant en- zymes play a protective role in different degrees.

Effect of Cold Stress on Some Physiological Indexes of Plants in Malvaceae

The paper was to study the change trend of the physiological indexes in plants of Malvaceae under normal and low temperature condition.The result showed that the increase extent of electrical conductivity of plants with cold tolerance in Malvaceae was significantly lower than the plant without cold tolerance under the cold stress condition,while their proline contents and soluble protein contents were all higher than the plants without cold tolerance.The above physiological indicators all can be used for the screening of varieties with cold tolerance in Malvaceae,which will also provide theoretical guidance for the cold tolerance screening of other garden plants.

念珠藻的研究进展及其应用前景

干燥环境中的念珠藻受到多种环境因素的胁迫(如水分、紫外线、电离辐射等)，其细胞如何保持稳定性、完整性并对各种损伤进行修复是一个十分值得研究的问题。本文将综述近年来在念珠藻抗逆生物学的进展以及念珠藻在工业、农业、食品及制药业的广泛用途。