AIM： To examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vu/gare （FVE） on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.METHODS： FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, i50 a...AIM： To examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vu/gare （FVE） on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.METHODS： FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, i50 and 300 mg/kg, and famotidine was used at the dose of20mg/kg.Following a 60 min period, all the rats were given 1 mL of ethanol （80%） by gavage. One hour after the administration of ethanol, all groups were sacrificed, and the gastric ulcer index was calculated; whole blood malondialdehyde （MDA） and reduced glutathione （GSH）, serum nitrate, nitrite, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels were measured in all the groups.RESULTS： It was found that pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced ethanol-induced gastric damage. This effect of FVE was highest and statistically significant in 300 mg/kg group compared with the control （4.18 ± 2.81 vs 13.15 ± 4.08, P 〈 0.001）. Also, pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced the MDA levels, while significantly increased GSH, nitrite, nitrate, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels. CONCLUSION： FVE has clearly a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion, and this effect, at least in part, depends upon the reduction in lipid peroxidation and augmentation in the antioxidant activity.展开更多
Methods related to experimental human pain research aim at activating different nociceptors, evoke pain from different organs and activate specific pathways and mechanisms. The different possibilities for using mechan...Methods related to experimental human pain research aim at activating different nociceptors, evoke pain from different organs and activate specific pathways and mechanisms. The different possibilities for using mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical methods in visceral pain research are discussed with emphasis of combinations (e.g., the multimodal approach). The methods have been used widely in assessment of pain mechanisms in the esophagus and have contributed to our understanding of the symptoms reported in these patients. Hence abnormal activation and plastic changes of central pain pathways seem to play a major role in the symptoms in some patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease and in patients with functional chest pain of esophageal origin. These findings may lead to an alternative approach for treatment in patients that does not respond to conventional medical or surgical therapy.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the mechanisms underlying the reduction in gastric blood flow induced by a luminal water extract of Hellcobacter pylori （HPE）. METHODS： The stomachs of isoflurane-anesthetized mice were exterio...AIM： To investigate the mechanisms underlying the reduction in gastric blood flow induced by a luminal water extract of Hellcobacter pylori （HPE）. METHODS： The stomachs of isoflurane-anesthetized mice were exteriorized, and the mucosal surface exposed. Blood flow was measured with the laserDoppler technique, and systemic arterial blood pressure monitored. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to water extract produced from Hpylori strain 88-23. To investigate the role of a nerveor iNOS-mediated pathway, we used intraluminal lidocaine and iNOS-/- mice. Blood flow response to the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl arginine （ADMA） was also assessed. RESULTS： In wild-type mice, HPE decreased mucosal blood flow by approximately 30%. This reduction was abolished in iNOS-deficient mice, and by pre-treatment with lidocaine. Luminally applied ADMA resulted in reduction in blood flow similar to that observed in wildtype mice exposed to HPE. CONCLUSION： A H py/ori water extract reduces gastric mucosal blood flow acutely through iNOS- and nerve-mediated pathways.展开更多
Understanding and characterization of pain and other sensory symptoms are among the most important issues in the diagnosis and assessment of patient with gastrointestinal disorders. Methods to evoke and assess experim...Understanding and characterization of pain and other sensory symptoms are among the most important issues in the diagnosis and assessment of patient with gastrointestinal disorders. Methods to evoke and assess experimental pain have recently developed into a new area with the possibility for multimodal stimulation （e.g., electrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation） of different nerves and pain pathways in the human gut. Such methods mimic to a high degree the pain experienced in the clinic. Multimodal pain methods have increased our basic understanding of different peripheral receptors in the gut in health and disease. Together with advanced muscle analysis, the methods have increased our understanding of receptors sensitive to mechanical, chemical and temperature stimuli in diseases, such as systemic sclerosis and diabetes. The methods can also be used to unravel central pain mechanisms, such as those involved in allodynia, hyperalgesia and referred pain. Abnormalities in central pain mechanisms are often seen in patients with chronic gut pain and hence methods relying on multimodal pain stimulation may help to understand the symptoms in these patients. Sex differences have been observed in several diseases of the gut, and differences in central pain processing between males and females have been hypothesized using multimodal pain stimulations. Finally, multimodal methods have recently been used to gain more insight into the effect of drugs against pain in the GI tract. Hence, the multimodal methods undoubtedly represents a major step forward in the future characterization and treatment of patients with various diseases of the gut.展开更多
The objective of this appraisal is to shed light on the various approaches to screen sensory information in the human gut. Understanding and characterization of sensory symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders is poor. ...The objective of this appraisal is to shed light on the various approaches to screen sensory information in the human gut. Understanding and characterization of sensory symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders is poor. Experimental methods allowing the investigator to control stimulus intensity and modality, as well as using validated methods for assessing sensory response have contributed to the understanding of pain mechanisms. Mechanical stimulation based on impedance planimetry allows direct recordings of luminal cross-sectional areas, and combined with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, the contribution of different gut layers can be estimated. Electrical stimulation depolarizes free nerve endings non-selectively. Consequently, the stimulation paradigm （single, train, tetanic） influences the involved sensory nerves. Visual controlled electrical stimulation combines the probes with an endoscopic approach, which allows the investigator to inspect and obtain small biopsies from the stimulation site. Thermal stimulation （cold or warm） activates selectively mucosal receptors, and chemical substances such as acid and capsaicin （either alone or in combination） are used to evoke pain and sensitization. The possibility of multimodal （e.g. mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical） stimulation in different gut segments has developed visceral pain research. The major advantage is involvement of distinctive receptors, various sensory nerves and different pain pathways mimicking clinical pain that favors investigation of central pain mechanisms involved in allodynia, hyperalgesia and referred pain. As impairment of descending control mechanisms partly underlies the pathogenesis in chronic pain, a cold pressor test that indirectly stimulates such control mechanisms can be added. Hence, the methods undoubtedly represent a major step forward in the future characterization and treatment of patients with various diseases of the gut, which provides knowledge to dinicians about the underlying symptoms and treatment of these patients.展开更多
AIM:To examine the frequency and prevention of musculoskeletal pain in Japanese gastrointestinal endoscopists and non-endoscopist physicians.METHODS:Questionnaires were sent to 275 endoscopists and 173 non-endoscopist...AIM:To examine the frequency and prevention of musculoskeletal pain in Japanese gastrointestinal endoscopists and non-endoscopist physicians.METHODS:Questionnaires were sent to 275 endoscopists and 173 non-endoscopists working in Hiroshima University Hospital and its affiliated hospitals.RESULTS:The completed questionnaires were returned by 190(69%)endoscopists and 120(69%)non-endoscopists.The frequency of pain in the hand and wrist,and especially the left thumb,was significantly higher in endoscopists than in non-endoscopists(17%vs 6%,P=0.004).Using multivariate analysis,the only significant factor associated with this pain was the age of the endoscopist(odds ratio 2.77,95%confidence interval,1.23-6.71,P=0.018).Interestingly,endoscopists had made significantly fewer modifications to their endoscopic practices than non-endoscopists(12%vs 33%,P <0.0001)to prevent pain.CONCLUSION:Pain in the hand and wrist may be endoscopy-related.However,endoscopists made little modifications in practice to prevent such pain.More attention to prevention appears necessary.展开更多
文摘AIM： To examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vu/gare （FVE） on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.METHODS： FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, i50 and 300 mg/kg, and famotidine was used at the dose of20mg/kg.Following a 60 min period, all the rats were given 1 mL of ethanol （80%） by gavage. One hour after the administration of ethanol, all groups were sacrificed, and the gastric ulcer index was calculated; whole blood malondialdehyde （MDA） and reduced glutathione （GSH）, serum nitrate, nitrite, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels were measured in all the groups.RESULTS： It was found that pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced ethanol-induced gastric damage. This effect of FVE was highest and statistically significant in 300 mg/kg group compared with the control （4.18 ± 2.81 vs 13.15 ± 4.08, P 〈 0.001）. Also, pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced the MDA levels, while significantly increased GSH, nitrite, nitrate, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels. CONCLUSION： FVE has clearly a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion, and this effect, at least in part, depends upon the reduction in lipid peroxidation and augmentation in the antioxidant activity.
基金Supported by Det Obelske Familiefond and Spar Nord Fonden
文摘Methods related to experimental human pain research aim at activating different nociceptors, evoke pain from different organs and activate specific pathways and mechanisms. The different possibilities for using mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical methods in visceral pain research are discussed with emphasis of combinations (e.g., the multimodal approach). The methods have been used widely in assessment of pain mechanisms in the esophagus and have contributed to our understanding of the symptoms reported in these patients. Hence abnormal activation and plastic changes of central pain pathways seem to play a major role in the symptoms in some patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease and in patients with functional chest pain of esophageal origin. These findings may lead to an alternative approach for treatment in patients that does not respond to conventional medical or surgical therapy.
基金Supported by The Swedish Research Council (08646), Envirotainer Holding AB
文摘AIM： To investigate the mechanisms underlying the reduction in gastric blood flow induced by a luminal water extract of Hellcobacter pylori （HPE）. METHODS： The stomachs of isoflurane-anesthetized mice were exteriorized, and the mucosal surface exposed. Blood flow was measured with the laserDoppler technique, and systemic arterial blood pressure monitored. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to water extract produced from Hpylori strain 88-23. To investigate the role of a nerveor iNOS-mediated pathway, we used intraluminal lidocaine and iNOS-/- mice. Blood flow response to the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl arginine （ADMA） was also assessed. RESULTS： In wild-type mice, HPE decreased mucosal blood flow by approximately 30%. This reduction was abolished in iNOS-deficient mice, and by pre-treatment with lidocaine. Luminally applied ADMA resulted in reduction in blood flow similar to that observed in wildtype mice exposed to HPE. CONCLUSION： A H py/ori water extract reduces gastric mucosal blood flow acutely through iNOS- and nerve-mediated pathways.
基金Supported by "Det Obelske Familiefond" & "Spar Nord Fonden"
文摘Understanding and characterization of pain and other sensory symptoms are among the most important issues in the diagnosis and assessment of patient with gastrointestinal disorders. Methods to evoke and assess experimental pain have recently developed into a new area with the possibility for multimodal stimulation （e.g., electrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation） of different nerves and pain pathways in the human gut. Such methods mimic to a high degree the pain experienced in the clinic. Multimodal pain methods have increased our basic understanding of different peripheral receptors in the gut in health and disease. Together with advanced muscle analysis, the methods have increased our understanding of receptors sensitive to mechanical, chemical and temperature stimuli in diseases, such as systemic sclerosis and diabetes. The methods can also be used to unravel central pain mechanisms, such as those involved in allodynia, hyperalgesia and referred pain. Abnormalities in central pain mechanisms are often seen in patients with chronic gut pain and hence methods relying on multimodal pain stimulation may help to understand the symptoms in these patients. Sex differences have been observed in several diseases of the gut, and differences in central pain processing between males and females have been hypothesized using multimodal pain stimulations. Finally, multimodal methods have recently been used to gain more insight into the effect of drugs against pain in the GI tract. Hence, the multimodal methods undoubtedly represents a major step forward in the future characterization and treatment of patients with various diseases of the gut.
基金Supported by Det Obelske Familie fond and Spar Nord Fonden
文摘The objective of this appraisal is to shed light on the various approaches to screen sensory information in the human gut. Understanding and characterization of sensory symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders is poor. Experimental methods allowing the investigator to control stimulus intensity and modality, as well as using validated methods for assessing sensory response have contributed to the understanding of pain mechanisms. Mechanical stimulation based on impedance planimetry allows direct recordings of luminal cross-sectional areas, and combined with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, the contribution of different gut layers can be estimated. Electrical stimulation depolarizes free nerve endings non-selectively. Consequently, the stimulation paradigm （single, train, tetanic） influences the involved sensory nerves. Visual controlled electrical stimulation combines the probes with an endoscopic approach, which allows the investigator to inspect and obtain small biopsies from the stimulation site. Thermal stimulation （cold or warm） activates selectively mucosal receptors, and chemical substances such as acid and capsaicin （either alone or in combination） are used to evoke pain and sensitization. The possibility of multimodal （e.g. mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical） stimulation in different gut segments has developed visceral pain research. The major advantage is involvement of distinctive receptors, various sensory nerves and different pain pathways mimicking clinical pain that favors investigation of central pain mechanisms involved in allodynia, hyperalgesia and referred pain. As impairment of descending control mechanisms partly underlies the pathogenesis in chronic pain, a cold pressor test that indirectly stimulates such control mechanisms can be added. Hence, the methods undoubtedly represent a major step forward in the future characterization and treatment of patients with various diseases of the gut, which provides knowledge to dinicians about the underlying symptoms and treatment of these patients.
文摘AIM:To examine the frequency and prevention of musculoskeletal pain in Japanese gastrointestinal endoscopists and non-endoscopist physicians.METHODS:Questionnaires were sent to 275 endoscopists and 173 non-endoscopists working in Hiroshima University Hospital and its affiliated hospitals.RESULTS:The completed questionnaires were returned by 190(69%)endoscopists and 120(69%)non-endoscopists.The frequency of pain in the hand and wrist,and especially the left thumb,was significantly higher in endoscopists than in non-endoscopists(17%vs 6%,P=0.004).Using multivariate analysis,the only significant factor associated with this pain was the age of the endoscopist(odds ratio 2.77,95%confidence interval,1.23-6.71,P=0.018).Interestingly,endoscopists had made significantly fewer modifications to their endoscopic practices than non-endoscopists(12%vs 33%,P <0.0001)to prevent pain.CONCLUSION:Pain in the hand and wrist may be endoscopy-related.However,endoscopists made little modifications in practice to prevent such pain.More attention to prevention appears necessary.
