We examined the practicability, reproducibility and analytical sensitivity of classical immunohistochemistry (IHC) and IHC with microagitation. Two monoclonal antibodies, Ki-67 (proliferation marker) and p53 (tumor su...We examined the practicability, reproducibility and analytical sensitivity of classical immunohistochemistry (IHC) and IHC with microagitation. Two monoclonal antibodies, Ki-67 (proliferation marker) and p53 (tumor suppressor marker), we re used. Consecutive paraffin sections of biopsies of suspicious lesions of pati ents with non-melanoma skin cancer were used in the study. Reproducibility was examined using specimens from four patients in three independent experiments wit h antibodies against Ki-67 and p53. Analytical sensitivity of the two methods w as determined using serial dilutions in two independent experiments. IHC with mi croagitation could be carried out without destroying the tissue. The new techniq ue was consistent and reproducible, and no background staining was observed. The primary antibodies Ki-67 and p53 could be used at higher dilutions (four to te n times) with microagitation compared with classical IHC. Microagitation can be used for immunohistochemistry; it was reproducible, highly sensitive, and antibo dies could be used at higher dilutions. Further analyses with other antibodies u sing this technique are warranted.展开更多
The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze,precipitation,mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012.The r...The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze,precipitation,mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012.The results show that haze days occur significantly more often in eastern China than in western China.The annual number of haze days is 5–30 d in most parts of central-eastern China,with some areas experiencing more than 30 d,while less than 5 d are averagely occurring in western China.Haze days are mainly concentrated in the winter half-year,with most in winter,followed by autumn,spring,and then summer.Nearly 20%of annual haze days are experienced in December.The haze days in central-eastern China in the winter half-year have a significant increasing trend of 1.7 d per decade during 1961–2012.There were great increases in haze days in the 1960s,1970s and the beginning of the 21st century.There was also significant abrupt changes of haze days in the early 1970s and 2000s.From 1961 to 2012,haze days in the winter half-year increased in South China,the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and North China,but decreased in Northeast China,eastern Northwest China and eastern Southwest China.The number of persistent haze is rising.The Longer the haze,the greater the proportion to the number persistent haze.Certain climatic conditions exacerbated the occurrence of haze.The correlation coefficient between haze days and precipitation days in the winter half-year is mainly negative in central-eastern China.The precipitation days show a decreasing trend in most parts of China,with a rate of around–4.0 d per decade in central-eastern China,which reduces the sedimentation capacity of atmospheric pollutants.During the period of 1961–2012,the correlation coefficients between haze days and mean wind speed and strong wind days are mainly negative in central-eastern China,while there exists positive correlation between haze days and breeze days in the winter half-year.The mean wind speed and strong wind days are decreasing,while breeze days are increasing in most parts of China,which is benefitial to the reduction of the pollutants diffusion capacity.As a result,haze occurs more easily.展开更多
PM2.5 pollution in sive attention in recent years, Beijing has attracted extensive attention in recent years, but research on the detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of PM2.5 is critically lacking for effective po...PM2.5 pollution in sive attention in recent years, Beijing has attracted extensive attention in recent years, but research on the detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of PM2.5 is critically lacking for effective pollution control. In our study, hourly PM2.5 concentration data of 35 fixed monitoring sites in Beijing were collected continuously from October 2012 to September 2013, for exploring the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of PM2.5 at traffic, urban, and background environments. Spatial trend and regional contribution of PM2.5 under different pollution levels were also investigated. Results show that the average PM2.5 concentration of all the 35 sites （including 5 traffic sites） was 88.6 μg/m^3. Although PM2.5 varied largely with the site location and seasons, a clear spatial trend could be observed with the PM2.5 concentration decreasing linearly from south to north, with a gradient of -0.46 μg/m^3/km for average days, -0.83 μg/m^3/km for heavily-severely polluted days, -0.52μg/m^3/km at lightly-moderately polluted days, and -0.26 μg/m^3/km for excellent-good days. PM2.5 at traffic sites was varied, but was generally over 10 % higher than at the nearby urban assessment sites.展开更多
文摘We examined the practicability, reproducibility and analytical sensitivity of classical immunohistochemistry (IHC) and IHC with microagitation. Two monoclonal antibodies, Ki-67 (proliferation marker) and p53 (tumor suppressor marker), we re used. Consecutive paraffin sections of biopsies of suspicious lesions of pati ents with non-melanoma skin cancer were used in the study. Reproducibility was examined using specimens from four patients in three independent experiments wit h antibodies against Ki-67 and p53. Analytical sensitivity of the two methods w as determined using serial dilutions in two independent experiments. IHC with mi croagitation could be carried out without destroying the tissue. The new techniq ue was consistent and reproducible, and no background staining was observed. The primary antibodies Ki-67 and p53 could be used at higher dilutions (four to te n times) with microagitation compared with classical IHC. Microagitation can be used for immunohistochemistry; it was reproducible, highly sensitive, and antibo dies could be used at higher dilutions. Further analyses with other antibodies u sing this technique are warranted.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB955902)
文摘The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze,precipitation,mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012.The results show that haze days occur significantly more often in eastern China than in western China.The annual number of haze days is 5–30 d in most parts of central-eastern China,with some areas experiencing more than 30 d,while less than 5 d are averagely occurring in western China.Haze days are mainly concentrated in the winter half-year,with most in winter,followed by autumn,spring,and then summer.Nearly 20%of annual haze days are experienced in December.The haze days in central-eastern China in the winter half-year have a significant increasing trend of 1.7 d per decade during 1961–2012.There were great increases in haze days in the 1960s,1970s and the beginning of the 21st century.There was also significant abrupt changes of haze days in the early 1970s and 2000s.From 1961 to 2012,haze days in the winter half-year increased in South China,the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and North China,but decreased in Northeast China,eastern Northwest China and eastern Southwest China.The number of persistent haze is rising.The Longer the haze,the greater the proportion to the number persistent haze.Certain climatic conditions exacerbated the occurrence of haze.The correlation coefficient between haze days and precipitation days in the winter half-year is mainly negative in central-eastern China.The precipitation days show a decreasing trend in most parts of China,with a rate of around–4.0 d per decade in central-eastern China,which reduces the sedimentation capacity of atmospheric pollutants.During the period of 1961–2012,the correlation coefficients between haze days and mean wind speed and strong wind days are mainly negative in central-eastern China,while there exists positive correlation between haze days and breeze days in the winter half-year.The mean wind speed and strong wind days are decreasing,while breeze days are increasing in most parts of China,which is benefitial to the reduction of the pollutants diffusion capacity.As a result,haze occurs more easily.
基金supported by the Key Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZZDEW-13)the Gong-Yi Program of Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (200909016, 201209008)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21377127, 41201038)the President Fund of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
文摘PM2.5 pollution in sive attention in recent years, Beijing has attracted extensive attention in recent years, but research on the detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of PM2.5 is critically lacking for effective pollution control. In our study, hourly PM2.5 concentration data of 35 fixed monitoring sites in Beijing were collected continuously from October 2012 to September 2013, for exploring the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of PM2.5 at traffic, urban, and background environments. Spatial trend and regional contribution of PM2.5 under different pollution levels were also investigated. Results show that the average PM2.5 concentration of all the 35 sites （including 5 traffic sites） was 88.6 μg/m^3. Although PM2.5 varied largely with the site location and seasons, a clear spatial trend could be observed with the PM2.5 concentration decreasing linearly from south to north, with a gradient of -0.46 μg/m^3/km for average days, -0.83 μg/m^3/km for heavily-severely polluted days, -0.52μg/m^3/km at lightly-moderately polluted days, and -0.26 μg/m^3/km for excellent-good days. PM2.5 at traffic sites was varied, but was generally over 10 % higher than at the nearby urban assessment sites.
