高血压病中医不同证型患者糖代谢脂代谢指标差异比较

为了探讨高血压病中医不同证型患者糖代谢、脂代谢及反映体脂含量或肥胖程度指标的差异。检测89例1～2级高血压病患者糖代谢、脂代谢及反映体脂含量或肥胖程度的指标。通过协方差分析校正其他因素的混杂影响后,比较中医不同证型组间各种指标的差异,并以正常血压者82例为对照。结果与正常血压者相比,高血压病患者有一系列代谢紊乱的变化,包括空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯增高,胰岛素敏感性下降以及体脂含量或肥胖程度增加。不同证型组间相比,糖代谢、脂代谢指标差异无显著性,但体脂含量或肥胖程度组间差异有显著性,以肝火亢盛组为甚,其次为阴阳两虚组。

小儿原发性肾病综合征42例脂代谢紊乱观察

目的 观察小儿肾病综合征患者的脂代谢紊乱情况。方法 对 42例确诊为原发性单纯型肾病综合征(NS)患儿用自动生化仪检测血浆白蛋白 (Alb)、总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三脂 (TG)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL- C)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL- C)及载脂蛋白 (apo) A1 、B,血、尿肌酐 (Scr、Ucr)含量。计算肌酐清除率 (Ccr) ,以 3%磺柳酸法测定 2 4小时尿蛋白量 ,并以 45例健康儿童作为对照。结果 (1 )全部 NS患儿 TC、 LDL- C、 apo B均显著升高(P<0 .0 1 ) ;HDL- C、 apo A1 高于正常对照 (P<0 .0 5) ;部分 NS患儿 TG明显升高 (P<0 .0 1 )。 (2 ) NS患儿 2 4小时尿蛋白量与血浆 TC、 TG、 LDL- C、 apo B呈高度正相关 (P<0 .0 1 )。结论 (1 ) NS患儿有严重的脂蛋白及载脂蛋白紊乱 ,存在多种致肾损伤、肾小球硬化的因素。 (2 )

中期孕母与胎儿间铁营养状态的关系

为进一步确定中期孕母铁缺乏症对胎儿铁代谢的影响，我们研究了中期孕母与胎儿铁代谢的关系。结果发现，二者的红细胞碱性铁蛋白（ＥＦ）值是显著正相关关系（ｒ＝０．４０２１，Ｐ＜０．０２５），且孕母中度ＩＤＡ组胎儿ＥＦ值下降了１３．６％，而母、胎其它铁代谢指标间无相关关系；说明孕母铁缺乏影响其胎儿的铁储备，尤以严重铁缺乏时明显，证实孕母铁缺乏可致胎儿出生后易患铁缺乏症。

Metabolism of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Course of Embryonic Development in Silkworm

Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide in the course of embryonic development ofsilkworm (variety Guang) was determined by using colorimetric analysis and oxygen electrodemethod. The results indicated that: 1) In the course of fertilization (0-4 h after egg laying), thelevel of H_2O_2 content reached its peak value at 2.5 h of the developmental course and the activity ofsuperoxidase dismutase (SOD) was at higher level while the activity of catalase (CAT) at the lowestcorrespondingly; 2) The H_2O_2 content in embryo, in which the diapause of eggs was being relievedthrough treatment with hydrochloric acid on time in the course of embryonic development, wassignificantly higher than that of diapause eggs except the lower level showed in the embryo whenthe development of it went on for 168~216 h and the activity of SOD reached, lower and higher,tWo peaks in 72 and 168 h after egg-laying, respectively, and was significantly higher in late stagewhile the activity of CAT was shown with a stable level in the period of 72-192 h after egg-laying,and, after then, a rapid rising occurred in the embryo. The level of the CAT activity in embryowas shown significantly lower than that in diapause eggs in early period and higher in late stage ofegg development; 3) In the course of formation of diapause in eggs, the level of H_2O_2contentchanged smoothly and the activity of SOD changed vigorously in early period, and kept stable statelater; and the CAT activity increased gradually; while in the course of relief of diapause under ontime-treatment with hydrochloric acid, the level of H_2O_2 was significantly higher than that indiapause eggs and the SOD activity displayed a new peak value and significantly rose in later stage,while the activity of CAT in relieving embryo from diapause was signincantly lower than that indiapause eggs. Combining the results obtained in other researches with those from ours mentionedabove, we suggest that the metabolism of H_2O_2 might be of importance in the courses of formationand relief of diapause in silkworm eggs. Maybe the esterase A4 timer hypothesis and themicropylar barrier to oxygen hypothesis could be integrated for explanation of the course offormation and relief of diapause in silkworm eggs.

Glucose Metabolic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Disturbance in the Intrauterine Growth Restricted Adult Male Rats

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes in intrauterine growth restricted adult rats through determination of blood glucose and expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver.Methods Male intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR) offspring induced by maternal protein-malnutrition and normal controls were studied.The body weights of offspring rats were weighted from birth to 12 weeks of age.Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined by glucose oxidase method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) respectively at 1 week,8 weeks,and 12 weeks.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α),phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK),and glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase) mRNA and protein levels in liver were measured by real time RT-PCR and Western blot in newborn rats(Week 1) and adult rats(Week 12).Results Birth weights of IUGR rats were significantly lower than those of controls until 4 weeks later,when IUGR rats caught up to controls.Between 8 and 12 weeks,the growth of IUGR rats surpassed that of controls.No significant differences were observed in blood glucose and insulin levels at newborn rats between the two groups.However,by the end of 8 weeks IUGR rats developed hyperinsulinemia and high insulin resistance index.At the age of 12 weeks,IUGR rats had mild fasting hyperglycemia.In addition,hepatic PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels as well as hepatic mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase at Week 1 and Week 12 in IUGR rats were all significantly higher than those of controls(P<0.05).Conclusions As a result of intrauterine malnutrition,the expression of gluconeogenic genes is exaggerated in offspring.This change stays through adulthood and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Molecular mechanism of carvedilol in attenuating the reversion to fetal energy metabolism during cardiac hypertrophy development

Objective: To explore the molecular regulation mechanism of carvedilol in attenuating the reversion back towards fetal energy metabolism during the development of cardiac hypertrophy induced by coarctation of abdominal aorta (CAA) in male Wistar rats. Methods: Hemodynamic and ventricular remodeling parameters, free fatty acid content in the serum were measured in the experimental animals at 16 weeks after the surgical CAA, the rats receiving carvedilol intervention (CAR) after CAA, and those with sham operation (SH). The expressions of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferaseⅠ (M-CPTⅠ) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mRNA in the cardiac myocytes from every group were studied with RT-PCR. Results: Significant left ventricular hypertrophy were observed in the rats 16 weeks after coarctation operation (P<0.05), together with significant free fatty acids accumulation and downregulation of M-CPTⅠ and MCAD mRNA (P<0.05) in CAA group. Carvedilol at a dose of 30 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks inhibited the left ventricular hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and enhanced the gene expressions of rate-limiting enzyme (M-CPTⅠ) and key enzyme of fatty acid (MCAD) in the CAR group compared with CAA group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pressure overload-induced hypertrophy in CAA rats causes the reversion back towards fetal enery metabolism, that is, downregulates the expressions of rate-limiting enzyme and key enzyme of fatty acid oxidation. The intervention therapy with carvedilol, a vasodilating alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, attenuates the reversion of the metabolic gene expression to fetal type through upregulating M-CPTⅠ and MCAD mRNA expressions. Thus, carvedilol may exert cardioprotective effects on heart failure by the mechanism of preserving the adult metabolic gene regulation.

Glucose Metabolism During Kunming Mouse Preimplantation Development:Analysis of Gene Transcription in Embryos in Vivo

In order to investigate glucose metabolism pathways and their changes in Kunming mouse preimplantation 1-,2-,4-,8-cell,and morula embryos,the mRNA level for the genes involved in glucose metabolism was tested by nested RT-PCR on embryos at different development stages in vivo.These genes were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH),phospho-fructokinase(PFK),and phosphoglucomutase(PGM),representing pentose phosphate pathway(PPP),glycolysis,and glycogensis and glycogenolysis respectively.Three sets of inner and outer primers were designed and synthesized based on cDNA sequences of G6PDH,PFK and PGM.RT-PCR results revealed that G6PDH gene transcription was found in Kunming mouse 1-8 cell embryos,and not in morula embryos;it indicated that 1-8 cell embryos may metabolize glucose by pentose phosphate pathway,but morula embryos can not do so.PFK gene transcription was found in 1-8 cell and morula embryos;it is probable that there exists glycolysis in those embryos.PGM gene transcription was not found in 1-8 cell and morula embryos,so glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in these embryos were not present.

Caffeine Intake during Pregnancy： What Are the Real Evidences？

Caffeine is a substance presented in foods such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolates and medicines and is commonly consumed by pregnant women. Due to its ability to cross the placental membrane and accumulate in the fetus body, caffeine and its metabolites have been contraindicated or recommended in small doses during pregnancy. Studies in rodents relate caffeine intake to lower rates of fertilization, embryonic implantation, changes in placental structure, increased occurrence of low fetal and placental weights, abortion and stillbirth. However, in humans, studies involving caffeine consumption are inconclusive. Methodological complexity, difficulty for measuring caffeine intake and ethical reasons are limiting factors for a more accurate conclusion. So far, caffeine recommendation ranges from 100 to 300 mg/day. Even though researches have recommended low caffeine consumption by pregnant women in order to avoid deleterious consequences during gestation, a safe dose has not been established until now. The aim of the present review is to describe the main findings on the effects of caffeine consumption during pregnancy in both human and rodent experimental models.

正常妊娠不同时期胎盘组织中chemerin的表达

目的探讨正常妊娠不同时期胎盘组织中chemerin水平变化,及其与妊娠进展的关系。方法选取妊娠早期孕妇20例,妊娠中期孕妇15例,妊娠晚期孕妇30例,采用免疫组织化学技术和实时定量PCR技术检测各妊娠组胎盘绒毛组织中chemerin水平。结果 chemerin阳性染色颗粒主要表达于胎盘组织中的合体滋养细胞及细胞滋养层细胞胞质中,各期均有不同程度的表达,妊娠晚期近临产组chemerin表达水平与早、中期妊娠组相比明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 chemerin可能在维持妊娠期间母胎免疫应答中起重要的作用。

174例原发性肝癌患者肝炎病毒感染情况及与AFP关系的研究

目的探讨原发性肝癌（PHC）患者肝炎病毒感染情况及与血清AFP水平的关系。方法回顾性分析174例PHC患者的临床资料，观察其肝炎病毒感染情况及血清AFP水平，并分析两者关系。结果174例PHC患者中男女比例5．44：1，平均年龄（57．05±12．00）岁，高峰年龄集中在40～70岁（75．86％）。肝炎病毒感染158例（90．80％），其中HBV—M阳性144例（82．76％），感染模式主要为HBsAg（＋）及HBsAg、抗-HBe（＋），分别为54例（37．50％）及39例（27．08％），抗-HCV（＋）23例（13．22％），同时感染HBV和HCV9例（5．17％）。174例患者中，AFP〉20ng／ml者118例（67．82％），肝炎病毒感染组AFP升高比例（70．25％）明显高于未感染组（43．75％）（P〈0．05）。结论PHC与肝炎病毒感染有关，HBV和（或）HCV感染的40—70岁男性是高危人群，应提高对HBsAg（＋）及HBsAg、抗-HBe（＋）者的重视。AFP水平受肝炎病毒感染的影响，临床中应结合病因判断AFP在早期筛查及诊断PHC中的价值。

PIVKA-Ⅱ诊断HBV相关早期肝癌的应用价值

目的评价维生素K缺乏或拮抗剂Ⅱ诱导的蛋白（PIVKA-Ⅱ）作为乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）相关早期肝癌患者诊断指标的效能。方法采用PIVKA-Ⅱ和甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测试剂盒，分别对82例治疗前的HBV相关早期肝癌患者（A组），169例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎及其肝硬化患者（B组），68例HBV或者HBsAg携带者（C组）和138例健康者（D组）血清样本进行检测。运用受试者工作特性曲线（ROC）分析PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP的诊断效能，并确定PIVKA-Ⅱ检测HBV相关早期肝癌的临界值。结果A、B、C、D组患者血清PIVKA-Ⅱ中位浓度分别为209．5、16、17和15mAU／ml，AFP中位浓度分别为71．9、5．3、3，8和2．4ng／ml，A组两项指标均显著高于其余3组，差异有统计学意义（χ2=84．195，25．128；均P〈0．01）。血清PIVKA-Ⅱ检测肝癌的曲线下面积（AUC）为0．857（95％CI：0．804-0．913），优于AFP诊断肝癌的曲线下面积0．729（95％CI：0．654-0．801）（P〈0．01）。PIVKA-Ⅱ检测HBV相关早期肝癌的最佳临界值为26．5mAU／ml。PIVKA-Ⅱ和AFP联合检测，可提升肝癌诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值和阳性预测值。结论血清PIVKA-Ⅱ对于HBV相关早期肝癌的诊断效能优于AFP，有望作为肝癌早期筛查的血清标志物应用于临床，为肝癌的早诊早治提供帮助。

An update on primary ovarian insufficiency

Primary ovarian insufficiency(POI) occurs in about 1% of female population under the age of 40,leading to reproductive problems,an earlier encounter with menopausal symptoms,and complicated diseases.There are three presumable mechanisms involved in the development of POI,namely apoptosis acceleration,follicular maturation blocking and premature follicle activation,through the following studied causes:(i) chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations:mostly involve X chromosome,such as FMR1 premutation;more and more potentially causal genes have been screened recently;(ii) metabolic disorders such as classic galactosaemia and 17-OH deficiency;(iii) autoimmune mediated ovarian damage:observed alone or with some certain autoimmune disorders and syndromes;but the specificity and sensitivity of antibodies towards ovary are still questionable;(iv) iatrogenic:radiotherapy or chemotherapy used in cancer treatment,as well as pelvic surgery with potential threat to ovaries' blood supply can directly damage ovarian function;(v) virus infection such as HIV and mumps;(vi) toxins and other environmental/lifestyle factors:cigarette smoking,toxins(e.g.,4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide),and other environmental factors are associated with the development of POI.The etiology of a majority of POI cases is not identified,and is believed to be multifactorial.Strategies to POI include hormone replacement and infertility treatment.Assisted conception with donated oocytes has been proven to achieve pregnancy in POI women.Embryo cryopreservation,ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte cryopreservation have been used to preserve ovarian reserve in women undergoing cancer treatments.

Acidic pH transiently prevents the silencing of self-renewal and dampens microRNA function in embryonic stem cells

Enhanced glycolysis is a distinct feature associated with numerous stem cells and cancer cells.However,little is known about its regulatory roles in gene expression and cell fate determination.Here,we confirm that glycolytic metabolism and lactate production decrease during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs).Importantly,acidic pH due to lactate accumulation can transiently prevent the silencing of mESC self-renewal in differentiation conditions.Furthermore,acidic pH partially blocks the differentiation of human ESCs(hESCs).Mechanistically,acidic pH downregulates AGO1 protein and de-represses a subset of mRNA targets of miR-290/302 family of microRNAs which facilitate the exit of naive pluripotency state in mESCs.Interestingly,AGO1 protein is also downregulated by acidic pH in cancer cells.Altogether,this study provides insights into the potential function and underlying mechanism of acidic pH in pluripotent stem cells(PSCs).