有效让胖生“动起”策略举隅

如何让＂懒羊羊＂的胖生动起来,本文试图寻一解决途径,让胖生不再＂胖＂,最终爱上体育运动。

Partial Physiologic Differences between High-fat Diet Induced Obesity-prone and Obesity-resistant Rats

Objective: To observe the differences of partial physiologic indexes including weight, food intake, Lee's index, the wet weight of fat pad, plasma lipids and the genetic expression of LPL mRNA in adipose tissue between obesity-prone rats (OP) and obesity-resistant rats (OR) on a high-fat diet. Methods: After 1 week of free access to a high-fat diet (HFD), 48 rats were separated on the basis of 1 week body weight percentage gained in OP (OP≥P75) or OR (OR≤P25) groups. Rats were continuously fed on the HFD for another 4 weeks. The body weight and food intake were recorded in the course of model-making. And the Lee's index, the plasma lipid and lipoproteins, the wet weight of both epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad were measured after the rat was killed. And the level of LPL mRNA expression in adipose tissue was detected by Northern Blot technique. Results: ① In OP rats, the speed of body weight gain, the cumulative energy intake, the Lee's index, and the wet weight of fat pad at both epididymal and retroperitoneal sites were significantly higher than those in OR rats, but there was no significant difference in the level of plasma lipid and lipoproteins between these two groups. ② After 1 week and 5 weeks on the high-fat diet, the gain of body weight in OP rats were about 6.45 and 4.25 times of those in OR rats. Meanwhile, the cumulative energy intake in OP rats was only about 1.13 and 1.15 times of those in OR rats. ③ Despite the depressive effect of the high-fat diet on the level of LPL mRNA expression in adipose tissue, there was a significant level of LPL mRNA in adipose tissue of OP rats compared with that in OR rats. Conclusion: The physiologic differences exist between OP and OR rats. Besides a higher level of energy intake, the higher energy efficiency associated with LPL mRNA expression in adipose tissue may also contribute to the enhancement of susceptibility to obesity in OP rats.

Effect of Breathwalk on body composition,metabolic and mood state in chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance syndrome

AIM： To identify the anthropometric, metabolic and mood state in hepatitis C virus （HCV）-infected patients from the west of Mexico and to evaluate the effect of 13reathwalk （13W）, a combination of walking, synchronized breathing and focussed attention, on those patients. METHODS： In an experimental study, 17 patients with serological and molecular diagnosis of HCV, not receiving pharmacological treatment, were studied. One hour sessions of 13W were practiced 3 times at week for six months. Body composition was assessed by electric impedance. Biochemical profiles and insulin resistance （IR） risk was assessed by conventional methods. Mood state was evaluated with specific and open questions at the beginning and at the end of the program. RESULTS： Seventy percent of patients were overweight or obese, and 77% of the patients presented with IR at the beginning of the study. Improvements were observed at the 3^rd mo, and statistically significant differences were recorded at the 6^th mo using the fitness score （76 vs 83, P 〈 0.01）, in alanine aminotransferase （ALT）（106±93 U/L vs 59 ± 32 U/L, P 〈 0.01）, total bilirubin （0.09 ± 1 mg/dL vs 0.62 ± 0.2 mg/dL, P 〈 0.01）, ALT/ AST ratio （1.04 vs 0.70, P 〈 0.01）, triglycerides （165 ± 86 mg/dL vs 124 ± 49 mg/dL, P 〈 0.01） and the IR risk （4.0 vs 2.7）. Most patients （88%） indicated to feel better at the end of BW （P 〈 0.01）.CONCLUSION： Breathwalk has an important effect on body composition, lipid profile and liver enzymes. It is also easy, inexpensive and has a beneficial effect on metabolic and mood state in HCV patients.

Leptin: a multifunctional hormone

Leptin is the protein product encoded by the obese (ob)gene. It is a circulating hormone produced primarily by the adipose tissue. ob/ob mice with mutations of the gene encoding leptin become morbidly obese, infertile, hyperphagic, hypothermic,and diabetic. Since the cloning of leptin in 1994, our knowledge in body weight regulation and the role played by leptin has increased substantially. We now know that leptin signals through its receptor, OB-R, which is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Leptin serves as an adiposity signal to inform the brain the adipose tissue mass in a negative feedback loop regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin also plays important roles in angiogenesis, immune function, fertility and bone formation. Humans with mutations in the gene encoding leptin are also morbidly obese and respond to leptin treatment,demonstrating that enhancing or inhibiting leptin’s activities in vivo may have potential therapeutic benefits.

Study on the Tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) Property of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Myosin Subfragment-1

Myosin subfragment-1 was prepared from the myofibrils of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The myosin subfrag- ment-1 was proved to have the activity of tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) responding to the hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The optimum temperature and pH for the TPPase of myosin subfragment-1 were 30℃ and pH 5.0, and at pH 8.0 the TPPase also showed a high activity. Mg2+ was necessary to TPPase. The TPPase activity of myosin subfragment-1 was activated by Mg2+ under low concentrations, but was inhibited when the concentration was over 17 mmolL-1. The TPPase activity was also affected by KCl. The optimum concentration of KCl for TPPase was 0.3 molL-1 under the condition of 17 mmolL-1 Mg2+. The TPPase activity was significantly inhibited by EDTA-Na2. Reagents such as KBr, KI and KIO3 could inhibit the TPPase effectively. K2Cr2O7 as well as KMnO7 and KNO3 exhibited weak inhibiting effects. The TPPase converted STPP to pyrophosphate (PP) and orthophosphate (Pi) stoichiometrically with a KM of 3.2 mmolL-1.

The Association between Lifestyle, Anthropometric Measurements, and Obesity in University Students

Nutritional Assessment is the process of identifying characteristics known to associated with nutrition problems. Certain foods with chemical additives disguised as food can cause muscle and joint pain associated with arthritis, gout, fibromyalgia, obesity, cancer and others. Avoiding these foods can reduced inflammation, thus prevent obesity, cancer, and another disease. The target of the study was to find a relation between food type, anthropometric parameters and obesity-related diseases for university students in CoUege-Al Leith-Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. The purpose is to identify populations （100 subjects women, aged： 17-30 year, using questionnaire） who are malnourished or at nutritional risk. Participants were divided into normal-weight and obese groups. The different methods are used to collect data including： 1. Anthropometric, 2. Dietary： Nutritional History （Current Intake）, 3. FFQ （Food frequency questionnaire）. There is a significant association between certain food type, anthropometric parameters, obesity as well as other diseases including （vitamin D deficiency, kidney problems, bone pain, general weakness, thyroid problems, infertility.

The social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in the Pakpoon community context:A qualitative study

Objective:This study aimed to describe the social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in a community context and based on the perspectives of various stakeholders.Methods:This was qualitative content analysis study using data from the focus group,individual in-depth interview,and observation.The study population was domiciled in Pakpoon Village,Mung Dis-trict,Nakhon Si Thammarat Province,a tight-knit settlement typical of most retirement communities.Data were collected through two focus group discussions,direct observation,and in-depth interviews with 19 participants.Respondents represented key community groups:local nurses and public health officers,elderly residents,family caregivers(family members),and village health volunteers.Results:The participants shared similar perspectives about the social determinants of health influencing obesity in the aged,which spanned three themes.These were:1)neighborhood food environment(easy access to unhealthy food,no choice to recruit healthy food);2)social networks influencing obesity(family affects food choices and prohibitions on exercise;belief,and socially imposed body image per-ceptions contributing to obesity in the aged);and 3)knowledge,attitudes,and beliefs behind lifestyle choices that cause obesity in the elderly(lack of awareness,personal attitudes,job and familial duties as barriers to engaging in physical activities;over-consumption behaviors lead to obesity in older people).Conclusion:These three themes were the root causes of obesity in the elderly in Pakpoon’s retirement community.This finding suggests that policymakers and nurses can create healthy environments,both to treat and prevent obesity,by raising awareness in younger generations,providing aging the provision of healthy food choices for older adults,encouraging health care professionals to share knowledge,and by modifying the attitudes and beliefs of both caregivers and older adults.

Effect of lifestyle intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese obese children

AIM: To investigate the effect of lifestyle intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Chinese obese children. METHODS: Seventy-six obese children aged from 10 to 17 years with NAFLD were enrolled for a one-month intervention and divided randomly into three groups. Group1, consisting of 38 obese children, was an untreated control group without any intervention. Group 2, consisting of 19 obese children in summer camp, was strictly controlled only by life style intervention. Group 3, consisting of 19 obese children, received oral vitamin E therapy at a dose of 100 mg/d. The height, weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO) and homeostasis model assent- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured at baseline and after one month. All patients were underwent to an ultrasonographic study of the liver performed by one operator who was blinded to the groups. RESULTS: The monitor indices of BMI, ALT, AST, TG, TCHO and HOMA-IR were successfully improved except in group 1. BMI and ALT in group 2 were reduced more significantly than in group 3 (2.44 ± 0.82 vs 1.45 ± 0.80, P = 0.001; 88.58 ± 39.99 vs 63.69 ± 27.05, P = 0.040, respectively).CONCLUSION: Both a short-term lifestyle intervention and vitamin E therapy have an effect on NAFLD in obese children. Compared with vitamin E, lifestyle intervention is more effective. Therefore, lifestyle intervention should represent the first step in the management of children with NAFLD.

ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF FEMALE OBESITY COMPLICATED WITH PREMENSTRUAL TENSION SYNDROME

Objective： To explore mechanisms of acupuncture for the treatment of obesity complicated with prernenstrual tension syndrome （PTS）. Methods： By means of syndrome-differentiation, 45 female simple obese （SO） patients with PTS （SO＋ PTS group and 35 simple obesity patients （SO group） were treated with body acupuncture combined with ear acupuncture. Thirtythree normal women subjects were assigned to control group. Changes in symptoms, signs, obesity index, clinical indices of disease and syndrome, equilibrium index of the vegetative nervous system （Y value）, blood estradiol （E2）, progesterone （P）, aldosterone （Aid） and lipid levels were detected and compared before and after the treatment. Results： Before acupuncture treatmerit, the obesity index, clinical indices of disease and syndrome, Y value, E2/P ratio and Aid in these patients were obviously increased, and E2 and P levels decreased. After the treatment, the body weight of the patients was reduced, and the increased obesity index, clinical indices of diseases and syndromes, Y value, E2/P ratio and Aid were markedly lowered （P〈0.05, or P 〈 0.01）, and the decreased E2 and P levels elevated significantly （P〈 0.01）. Conclusion： Acupuncture exerts favorable regulative function on clinical indices of disease and syndrome, Y value, E2, P, Aid, lipid and E2/P in obese patients with PTS, which may be related to its resultant improvement of the functions of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonedal axis, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the vegetative nervous system.

Between-Tree and Within-Tree Variation in Specific Gravity and Extractive Content in the Wood of Stercufia setigera Del. Grown in Nigeria

Variations of wood specific gravity and extractive contents from pith to bark and from base to the top of tree were investigated in a 14-year-old commercial pulpwood species Sterculia setigera Del. Growing in savanna zone in Nigeria. Tree mean specific gravity averaged 0.37; wood at the base had significant higher specific gravity than those at the top while it increased from pith to bark. For extractive content mean value was 1.20% for wood and 1.72% for bark; i[t varied significantly between trees and from base of the tree to the top and from pith to the bark. Extractive content at the butt and breast height is more than double of the value at the top of the tree. The high extractive content at the base is similar to high specific gravity observed for wood samples from the base. Extractive content of the bast was significantly higher than that of the wood. The low specific gravity show possible suitability of the species for paper making in Nigerian paper mills. The wood of Sterculia setigera showed a significant variation between- and within-trees in the two properties considered, though the wood is light with low extractive content; it is however a potential raw material for large scale pulpwood production in Nigeria.

The correlation and relationship of obesity and cancer: a possible research perspective

Recently, obesity is a well-recognized risk factor of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is more and more sufficient evidence that excess body weight is an avoidable cause of excess cancers including gastrointestinal, endometrial, esophageal adenocarcinoma, colorectal, postmenopausal breast, prostate, and renal cancers. The mechanism that obesity association with cancer is remains not well understood. There be some most studied hypothesized mechanisms such as, high levels of insulin and free levels of insulin-like growth factors （IGFs）, sex hormones, adipocytokines, intlammatory cytokines, c-Myc （or Myc） oncogenic transcription factor, obesity-induced hypoxia and Warburg effect, and so on. In the future, the potential mechanisms and conclusions in obesity associated with increased risk for developing cancer, and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms will be studied.

Partnerships for Success： An Evaluation of Head to Toe, a Family Centered Childhood Obesity Intervention that Partners with an Obesity Clinic

The prevalence of childhood obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States and as of 2014 its prevalence among children ages two to 19 was 17.0%. Without intervention, obese children are at risk for negative health consequences and for the increased likelihood of staying obese through adulthood. St. Louis Children＇s Hospital provides HTT （Head to Toe）, an interactive 12-session fimess, nutrition, and social well-being class focuses on adopting healthier lifestyles through daily exercise, and proper nutrition. One program referral method is through a partnership with the hospital＇s HSC （Healthy Start Clinic）, a multi-disciplinary obesity clinic. Pretest and posttest assessments are used to measure changes in body metrics, health behaviors, knowledge, readiness to change, and self-concept. Between August 2011 and May 2016, 485 children and at least one parent or guardian with them were enrolled in the program, and up to 235 children completed at least one pretest- or post-assessment. Analysis determined multiple statistically significant improvements in body metrics, health behaviors, knowledge, including questions related to nutrition and food guidelines, readiness to change assessment, and self-concept. Total knowledge increased by 22%; questions related to nutrition increased by 28.2%, social emotional by 18.9% and physical activity by 17.8%. Findings suggest that the Head to Toe program is effective in improving nutrition, physical activity, social emotional knowledge and behaviors among participants. Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic and creating a relationship with a pediatric obesity clinic can increase the total number of children and teens that are introduced to weight management programs.

College students＇ physical exercise Obesity Research

With the social and economic developing, people＇ s living standards continue to improve, and diet structure has undergone significant changes. Meat, fish, dairy products, snack and foods of high fat, and high protein proportion increase significantly. Malnutrition and low birth weight situation caused due to lack of food have gradually reduced. Irrational diet causes relative excess nutrients and new malnutrition, and thus lead to the proportion of people of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease and diabetes has increased year by year. People regard these diseases as ＂diseases of affluence ＂, where obesity is the most common but the most easily overlooked. In recent years, with the release of the results and physical research concerned about scholars, obesity has attracted people＇ s attention.

The Time-Effect Relationship of Central Action in Acupuncture Treatment for Weight Reduction

Purpose: To study the time-effect relationship of action of acupuncture on the satiety center of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH) in rats with experimental obesity. Methods: Microelectrode recording method of nerve cells and stereotaxic technique for brain were adopted with discharge frequency (Hz/s) of nerve impulse in VMH as the index, and the time-effect of acupuncture action in different periods between groups were observed. Results: Electric activity in acupuncture group was higher than that in the obesity model group (P<0.001) and the normal group (P<0.01) respectively, and the curve of acupuncture action within 2 hours showed irregular fluctuation. Conclusion: Acupuncture can increase excitability of the satiety center, with a better long-term effect.

Myricetin protects against diet-induced obesity and ameliorates oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice

Background： Mydcetin is a naturally occurring antioxidant commonly found in various plants. However, little information is available with respect to its direct anti-obesity effects. Objective： This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of myricetin on high-fat diet （HFD）-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. Results： Administration of myricetin dramatically reduced the body weight of diet-induced obese mice compared with solely HFD-induced mice. Several parameters related to obesity including serum glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol were significantly de- creased in myricetin-treated mice. Moreover, obesity-associated oxidative stress （glutathione peroxidase （GPX） activity, total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）, and malondialdehyde （MDA）） and inflammation （tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）） were ameliorated in myricetin-treated mice. Further investigation revealed that the protective effect of my- ricetin against HFD-induced obesity in mice appeared to be partially mediated through the down-regulation of mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y （PPARF） and CCAAT/enhancer- binding protein a （C/EBPa）, and lipogenic transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein lc （SREBP-1c）. Conclusions： Consumption of myricetin may help to prevent obesity and obesity-related metabolic complications.

A disputed evidence on obesity:comparison of the effects of Rcan2^(-/-) and Rps6kb1^(-/-) mutations on growth and body weight in C57BL/6J mice

It is widely accepted that body weight and adipose mass are tightly regulated by homeostatic mechanisms, in which leptin plays a critical role through hypothalamic pathways, and obesity is a result of homeostatic disorder. However, in C57BL/6J mice, we found that Rcan2 increases food intake and plays an important role in the develop- ment of age- and diet-induced obesity through a leptin-independent mechanism. RCAN2 was initially identified as a thyroid hormone （T3）-responsive gene in human fibroblasts. Expression of RCAN2 is regulated by T3 through the PI3K-Akt/PKB-mTOR-Rps6kbl signaling pathway. Intriguingly, both Rcan2-/- and Rps6kb1-/- mutations were re- ported to result in lean phenotypes in mice. In this study we compared the effects of these two mutations on growth and body weight in C57BL/6J mice. We observed reduced body weight and lower fat mass in both Rcan2-/- and Rps6kb1-/- mice compared to the wild-type mice, and we reported other differences unique to either the Rcan2-/- or Rps6kb1-/- mice. Firstly, loss of Rcan2 does not directly alter body length; however, Rcan2-/- mice exhibit reduced food intake. In contrast, Rps6kb1-/- mice exhibit abnormal embryonic development, which leads to smaller body size and reduced food intake in adulthood. Secondly, when fed a normal chow diet, Rcan2-/- mice weigh significantly more than Rps6kb1-/- mice, but both Rcan2-/- and Rps6kbl-/- mice develop similar amounts of epididymal fat. On a high-fat diet, Rcan2-/- mice gain body weight and fat mass at slower rates than Rps6kb1-/- mice. Finally, using the double-knockout mice （Rcan2-/- Rps6kb1-/-）, we demonstrate that concurrent loss of Rcan2and Rps6kbl has an additive effect on body weight reduction in C57BL/6J mice. Our data suggest that Rcan2 and Rps6kbl mutations both affect growth and body weight of mice, though likely through different mechanisms.

Obesity Across Cultures

In a world in which, according to public health authorities and the media, everyone seems to be getting fatter, what does fat mean when we look across cultures？ Is being fat the same in China as in the USA？ How does obesity map onto culture in a world in which there are multiple, competing models for understanding illness？

Overweight and obesity versus concentrations of VEGF-A, sVEGFR-1, and sVEGFR-2 in plasma of patients with lower limb chronic ischemia

Objective： Being overweight or obese comprises a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis. Fat tissue also generates factors stimulating angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form. The purpose of this paper is to assess concentrations of the vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGF-A） and its soluble type-1 and type-2 re- ceptors （sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2） in plasma of patients with peripheral arterial disease （PAD） depending on the level of nutrition according to body mass index （BMI）. Methods： The study group included patients suffering from symptomatic PAD （n=46） in Fontaine classes Ila-lV without any history of neoplastic disease and who have a normal BMI （n=15）, are overweight （n=21） or are obese （n=10）. The control group （n=30） consisted of healthy non-smoking volunteers who were neither overweight nor obese. Venous blood plasma samples were collected from both groups at rest in the morning to determine plasma concentrations of VEGF-A, sVEGFR-1, and sVEGFR-2 using the enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method. Results： The group of patients with PAD co-existent with being over- weight or obese tended to have higher mean concentration levels of VEGF-A and sVEGFR-2 when compared with patients suffering from PAD with normal BMIo A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between BMI and average plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2 （R=0.37, P=-0.0103）. However, no significant correlation was no- ticed between BMI and VEGF-A or sVEGFR-1 concentrations. Conclusions： A positive correlation determined be- tween the level of antiangiogenic factor and BMI value may be indicative of the linearly growing prevalence of some antiangiogenic factors in patients with metabolic disorders, which may be one of numerous factors contributing to incomplete efficiency of collateral circulation development in patients with PAD.

Effect of Qingxue Dan on obesity and metabolic biomarker: a double-blind randomized-controlled pilot study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of Qingxue Dan(QXD) on obesity and metabolic biomarker related to obesity.METHODS: A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial with a paralleled study design was conducted. Twenty-six obese volunteers aged between 30 and 60 with obesity and more than 2 metabolic risk factors were recruited at the department of oriental rehabilitation medicine, Kyunghee university oriental medical hospital, Seoul, Korea. Subjects were randomly assigned to an intervention(QXD) group or a placebo group, and treated with 900 mg/d of QXD or placebo medicine for 8 weeks. Primary endpoint was the change of body mass index(BMI) at 8 week from baseline. Secondary outcomes included the change of body composition, abdominal fat mass measured with Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA), blood pressure,lipid profiles and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR).RESULTS: BMI was decreased in the QXD group sig-nificantly. Total body fat, abdominal fat mass measured with DXA Region of Interest and waist circumference(WC) showed a trend toward decreasing in the QXD group, but fat free mass was decreased in all groups. Triglyceride(TG) was decreased in QXD group significantly, but WC, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were increased in both group. BP didn't change during the study period. HOMA-IR is decreased in both groups without group effect.CONCLUSION: 8-weeks of oral administrations of QXD(900 mg/d) reduces BMI, with a tendency of lose of total body fat mass, especially abdominal fat. It also significantly reduced serum TG level.These results suggest QXD could be used to treat obesity and metabolic risk factors. Further study is needed to confirm our pilot findings.