浅谈杏树流胶的原因与防治方法

介绍了杏树流胶病的表现形式及其危害性，分析引起的病因，并提出几点防治对策。

心肌胶原网的功能和调节机制研究进展

心肌胶原网对心脏的功能有重要影响。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的效应激素和内皮素可促进胶原的形成,而缓激肽、前列腺素则促进胶原的降解。转化生长因子-β_1、血管内皮细胞和胶原酶也对心肌胶原网代谢的调节起重要作用。

Developmental Changes of Col3a1 mRNA Expression in Muscle and Their Association with Intramuscular Collagen in Pigs

Eighty-four castrated boars including Laiwu Black （LW） （weight 30-90 kg, n = 6） and Lulai Black （LL） （weight 40-100 kg, n = 6） were used to study the developmental changes of collagen type Ⅲ alpha 1 （Col3al） mRNA expression in the muscle and their association with intramuscular collagen （IMC）. The muscle total RNA was extracted to determine the abundance of Col3al mRNA using relative quantitative RT-PCR with β-actin mRNA as the internal standard. The results indicated that the developmental patterns of muscle Col3al mRNA in LW and LL pigs were similar. The abundance of Col3al mRNA increased with body weight, but decreased a little at 70 kg and 80 kg phases for LW and LL, respectively. On the whole, the expression level of Col3al mRNA in muscle of LW was higher than that of LL （P 〈 0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of Col3al mRNA in muscle was positively correlated with total and insoluble IMC, but was negatively correlated with IMC solubility for LW pigs （P 〈 0.01） and LL pigs （P 〈 0.05）, respectively. These results suggest that the muscle Col3al gene expression is affected by body weight and genotype and has important effect on IMC content and characteristics.

Evaluation of Fujinon intelligent chromo endoscopy-assisted capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastroenterology bleeding

AIM:To investigate the potential benef it of Fujinon in-telligent chromo endoscopy(FICE)-assisted small bowel capsule endoscopy(SBCE)for detection and character-ization of small bowel lesions in patients with obscure gastroenterology bleeding(OGIB).METHODS:The SBCE examinations(Pillcam SB2,Giv-en Imaging Ltd)were retrospectively analyzed by two GI fellows(observers)with and without FICE enhance-ment.Randomization was such that a fellow did not assess the same examination with and without FICE enhancement.The senior consultant described f indings as P0,P1 and P2 lesions(non-pathological,intermedi-ate bleed potential,high bleed potential),which were considered as reference f indings.Main outcome mea-surements:Inter-observer correlation was calculated using kappa statistics.Sensitivity and specif icity for P2 lesions was calculated for FICE and white light SBCE.RESULTS:In 60 patients,the intra-class kappa cor-relations between the observers and reference f indings were 0.88 and 0.92(P2),0.61 and 0.79(P1),for SBCE using FICE and white light,respectively.Overall 157 le-sions were diagnosed using FICE as compared to 114 with white light SBCE(P = 0.15).For P2 lesions,the sensitivity was 94% vs 97% and specif icity was 95% vs 96% for FICE and white light,respectively.Five(P2 le-sions)out of 55 arterio-venous malformations could be better characterized by FICE as compared to white light SBCE.Significantly more P0 lesions were diagnosed when FICE was used as compared to white light(39 vs 8,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:FICE was not better than white light for diagnosing and characterizing signif icant lesions on SBCE for OGIB.FICE detected signif icantly more non-pathological lesions.Nevertheless,some vascular le-sions could be more accurately characterized with FICE as compared to white light SBCE.

Expression of Collagen Ⅳ, Fibronectin, Laminin in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Correlation with Chemosensitivities and Apoptosis~*

Objective： To study the expression of extracellular matrix （ECM） proteins including Collagen Ⅳ （Co Ⅳ）, Fibronectin, Laminin in human non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） specimens and the relationship between ECM and cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and drug sensitivity in NSCLC cell line. And to investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3-K） in signal transduction of Co Ⅳ in NSCLC. Methods： The expression of ECM proteins was detected by using immunohistochemical staining （Envision＇s）. Adherent cells were stained with 1% methylene blue. Cell proliferation and cytotoxic effects were monitored by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by FITC-Annexin V/PI double staining variables flow cytometry （FCM）. Results： The expression rate of Co Ⅳ （93%） was the highest compared to others in NSCLC stroma. After treated with Co Ⅳ, the adhesion of H1299 cells was increased and the cytotoxicity of cis-platinum （DDP） against H1299 cells was decreased compared to the control （P〈0.05）. After treated with Co Ⅳ both survival and proliferation rates were higher and apoptosis rate was lower than without Co Ⅳ （P〈0.05）. PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 decreased both survival and proliferation rates （82.7%±2.0% and 75.2%±6.8%, respectively）, even on Co Ⅳ-coated surface （92.2%±2.8% and 84.6%±9.2%, respectively）. And it also helped DDP increase apoptosis. Conclusion： ECM remodeling existed in NSCLC. Co Ⅳ protected NSCLC cells from DDP-induced apoptosis and weakened the cytotoxicity of DDP. PI3-K pathway might be the crucial mechanism of apoptosis impairment and drug resistance.

Transforming growth factor-β and fibrosis

Transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）, a prototype of multifunctional cytokine, is a key regulator of extracellular matrix （ECM） assembly and remodeling. Specifically, TGF-β isoforms have the ability to induce the expression of ECM proteins in mesenchymal cells, and to stimulate the production of protease inhibitors that prevent enzymatic breakdown of the ECM. Elevated TGF-β expression in affected organs, and subsequent deregulation of TGF-β functions, correlates with the abnormal connective tissue deposition observed during the onset of fibrotic diseases. During the last few years, tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular aspects of intracellular signaling downstream of the TGF-β receptors. In particular, Smad proteins, TGF-β receptor kinase substrates that translocate into the cell nucleus to act as transcription factors, have been studied extensively. The role of Smad3 in the transcriptional regulation of type I collagen gene expression and in the development of fibrosis, demonstrated both/n vitro and in animal models with a targeted deletion of Smad3, is of critical importance because it may lead to novel therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying Smad modulation of fibrillar collagen expression and how it relates to fibrotic processes.

Single center experience of capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM:To identify optimum timing to maximize diagnostic yield by capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).METHODS:We identified patients who underwent CE at our institution from August 2003 to December 2009.Patient medical records were reviewed to determine type of OGIB (occult,overt),CE results and complications,and timing of CE with respect to onset of bleeding.RESULTS:Out of 385 patients investigated for OGIB,284 (74%) had some lesion detected by CE.In 222 patients (58%),definite lesions were detected that could unequivocally explain OGIB.Small bowel ulcer/erosions secondary to Crohn's disease,tuberculosis or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent use were the commonest lesions detected.Patients with overt GI bleeding for < 48 h before CE had the highest diagnostic yield (87%).This was significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared to that in patients with overt bleeding prior to 48 h (68%),as well as those with occult OGIB (59%).CONCLUSION:We established the importance of early CE in management of OGIB.CE within 48 h of overt bleeding has the greatest potential for lesion detection.

Proline with or without Hydroxyproline Influences Collagen Concentration and Regulates Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α(I) Gene Expression in Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary proline(Pro), and Pro and hydroxyproline(Hyp) in combination on the growth performance, total Hyp and collagen concentrations of tissues, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase α(I)(P4H α(I)) gene expression in juvenile turbot feeding high plant protein diets. A diet containing 50% crude protein and 12% crude lipid was formulated as the basal and control, on which other two protein and lipid contents identical experimental diets were formulated by supplementing the basal with either 0.75% Pro(Pro-0.75) or 0.75% Pro and 0.75% Hyp(Pro+Hyp). Four groups of fish in indoor seawater recirculating systems, 35 individuals each, were fed twice a day to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. The results showed that dietary Pro and Hyp supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot(P > 0.05). Total Hyp and collagen concentrations in muscle were significantly increased when dietary Pro and Hyp increased(P < 0.05), and fish fed diet Pro+Hyp showed significantly higher free Hyp content in plasma than those fed other diets(P < 0.05). The expression of P4 H α(I) gene in liver and muscle was significantly up regulated in fish fed diet Pro-0.75 in comparison with control(P < 0.05); however the gene was significantly down regulated in fish fed diet Pro+Hyp in muscle in comparison with fish fed diet Pro-0.75(P < 0.05). It can be concluded that supplement of crystal L-Pro and L-Hyp to high plant protein diets did not show positive effects on growth performance of juvenile turbot, but enhanced total collagen concentrations in muscle.

Five years' experience with capsule endoscopy in a single center

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a novel technology that facilitates highly effective and noninvasive imaging of the small bowel. Although its effi cacy in the evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) has been proven in several trials, data on uses of CE in different small bowel diseases are rapidly accumulating in the literature, and it has been found to be superior to alternative diagnostic tools in a range of such diseases. Based on literature evidence, CE is recommended as a first-line investigation for OGIB after negative bi-directional endoscopy. CE has gained an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of Crohn's disease and celiac disease and in the surveillance of small bowel tumors and polyps in selected patients. Capsule retention is the major complication, with a frequency of 1%-2%. The purpose of this review was to discuss the procedure, indications, contraindications and adverse effects associated with CE. We also review and share our five-year experience with CE in various small bowel diseases. The recently developed balloon-assisted enteroscopies have both diagnostic and therapeutic capability. At the present time, CE and balloon-assisted enteroscopies are complementary techniques in the diagnosis and management of small bowel diseases.

Taxonomic revision of Gelidium tsengii and Gelidium honghaiwanense sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from China based upon molecular and morphological data analyses

The taxonomic relationship of Chinese GeBdium tsengii and Gelidium johnstonii was ambiguous. For almost 20 years they have been regarded as distinct taxa and until 2002 G.johnstonii was considered as a misapplied name of G. tsengii. In this study, herbarium specimens that initially attributed to G. tsengii and fresh G. tsengii specimens were used to address the taxonomic issues. In phylogenetic studies, G. tsengii from Dayawan, China, near the type locality of G. tsengii and G.johnstonii from Sonora, Mexico, the type locality of G. johnstonii, formed a monophyletic group with maximum support in rbcL and COl genes analyses, indicating that they were genetically identical. In morphological studies, G. tsengii was similar to G. johnstonii in branching pattern, inner structures and fructiferous organs. Consequently, we considered that semi-circular outline of G. tsengii could no longer be treated as a discrimating fea^re. G.johnstonii had priority of publication and according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, G. tsengii was proposed as a synonym of G. johnstonii. Gelidium honghaiwanense sp. nov. was described from Guangdong, China on the basis of morphological and molecular data. For vegetative structures, it was characterized by flattened upright frond, regular two-three times branches pinnate or alternate and clavate ultimate branchlets. For reproductive structures, the tetrasporangial sori were in the apical part of branches and the tetrasporangial branchlets were distichously distributed along second order branches. The present study clarified the relationship between G. tsengii and G. johnstonii from Guangdong and added a new Gelidium species to the Chinese algal flora.

Connective tissue growth factor hammerhead ribozyme attenuates human hepatic stellate cell function

AIM： To determine the effect of hammerhead ribozyme targeting connective tissue growth factor （CCN2） on human hepatic stellate cell （HSC） function.METHODS： CCN2 hammerhead ribozyme cDNA plus two self-cleaving sequences were inserted into pTriEx2 to produce pTriCCN2-Rz. Each vector was individually transfected into cultured LX-2 human HSCs, which were then stimulated by addition of transforming growth factor （TGF）-β1 to the culture medium. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels for CCN2 or collagen I, while protein levels of each molecule in cell /ysates and conditioned medium were measured by ELISA. Cell-cycle progression of the transfected cells was assessed by flow cytometry.RESULTS： In pTriEx2-transfected LX-2 cells, TGF-β1 treatment caused an increase in the mRNA level for CCN2 or collagen I, and an increase in produced and secreted CCN2 or extracellular collagen I protein levels, pTriCCN2-Rz-transfected LX-2 cells showed decreased basal CCN2 or collagen mRNA levels, as well as produced and secreted CCN2 or collagen I protein. Furthermore, the TGF-β1-induced increase in mRNA or protein for CCN2 or collagen I was inhibited partially in pTriCCN2-Rz-transfected LX-2 cells. Inhibition of CCN2 using hammerhead ribozyme cDNA resulted in fewer of the cells transitioning into S phase.CONCLUSION： Endogenous CCN2 is a mediator of basal or TGF-β1-induced collagen I production in human HSCs and regulates entry of the cells into S phase.

Effect of quercetin on expression of matrix metallo - proteinases and tissue inhibi tor of matalloproteinase -1 in cultured rat hepatic stellate cells

Objective: To study the effects of quercetin (QU) on matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) , the tissue inhibitor of matalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) , procollagen I and 2 proteoglycans (decorin and biglycan) mRNA expression in cultured rat hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 cells. Methods: Cells were treated with different concentrations of QU (12. 5, 25, 50 μmol/L) or drug solvent (0. 1 % Me2SO) for 24 h. mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: QU (12.5 - 50 μmol/L) enhanced collagenase (rat MMP-13) and membrane typel-MMP (MMP-14) mRNA expression, decreased procollagen I mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not affect gelatinase-A (MMP-2) , TIMP-1, decorin and biglycan expression. Conclusion: QU may decrease matrix deposition and increase matrix degradation, which might be beneficial to liver fibrosis.

杏树流胶病的发生与防治

杏树流胶病是一种生理性病害。引起该病的原因很多。近几年发生日趋严重，据笔者在济南、泰安、聊城等地调查发现，杏树流胶病较为普遍，发病园轻者树势衰弱，造成减产，重者树死绝收，由于农业结构调整的不断深入，杏树在结构调整中新发展面积极大，杏树流胶病已成为影响杏果产量和产品质量的重要病害，困扰着广大杏树生产者。

A histomorphometric and molecular study on stress adaptability of freeze-dried bone allograft

Objective To Investigate stress adaptability of freeze-dried bone allograft.Methods Cortical and cancellous allograft were transplanted to each side of the midshaft diaphyseal ulna in two groups of 28 animals.The left transplanted allograft was free from fixation and bore a normal physiological lcad,while the right transplanted allograft was protected from loading by a simple external fixator and bore less load.Animals were sacrificed at the 2nd,4th,8th,16th week after transplantation and specimens were taken out for bone histomorphometry studies and analysis of collagen gene expression by in situ Cdna-Mrna hybridization.Results Labeled surface(LS)and bone mineral apposition rate(MAR)of the normally loaded graft-host bone interface were significantly higher than that of the less loaded side at the 4th,8th,16th week after transplantation.Parameters reflecting the internal repair process of the allograft,such as LS in cortical and cancellous bone or MAR in cortical bone of the normally loaded side were significantly higher than those of the less loaded side at the 16th week after transplantation.The result of in situ hybridization indicated that more osteoblast-like cells expressing the type Ⅰ collagen gene were found in the interface or interior of normally loaded grafts.Conclusion The stimulus of physiologic load can accelerate the early union of allograft-host bone interface and later new bone creep substitution to the necrotic allograft.

Gene expression of collagen types IX and X in the lumbar disc

Objective:To study gene expression of collagen types IX and X in human lumbar intervertebral discs during aging and degeneratio n and to explore the role of collagen types IX and X in disc degeneration. Methods:Fetal, adult and pathologic specimens were subjected t o in situ hybridization with cDNA probes to investigate mRNA-expressions of typ es IX and X collagen gene. Results:In fetal intervertebral discs, positive mRNA hybridiza tion signals of type IX collagen were concentrated in the nucleus pulposus and t he inner layer of anulus fibrosus. Interstitial matrix of the nucleus pulposus a lso showed positive type X collagen staining. Positive mRNA hybridization signal s of types IX and X were not detected in the middle and outer layers of anulus f ibrosus. In adult specimens, expression of type IX collagen mRNA was markedly de creased. No hybridization signals of type X collagen was observed. As for pathol ogical specimens, there was no gene expression of type IX collagen. In severe de generated discs from adults, there were focal positive expressions of type X col lagen. Conclusions:Obvious changes of collagen gene expression occur with aging. Expression of type IX collagen decreases in adult and pathological d iscs. Results of type X collagen expression suggest that type X collagen is expr essed only in older adult and senile discs (i.e., when disc degeneration has alr eady reached a terminal stage), indicating the terminal stage of degeneration.

Variants of genes encoding collagens and matrix metalloproteinase system increased the risk of aortic dissection

Aortic dissection （AD） is a devastating, heterogeneous condition of aorta. The homeostasis between collagens and matrix metalloproteases （MMPs）/tissue inhibitors of MMPs （TIMPs） system in the extracellular matrix plays an important role for structure and functions of aorta. However, our knowledge on association between variants of genes in this system and pathogenesis of AD is very limited. We analyzed all yet known coding human genes of collagens （45 genes）, MMPs/TIMPs （27 genes） in 702 sporadic AD patients and in 163 matched healthy controls, by using massively targeted next-generation and Sanger sequencing. To define the pathogenesis of potential disease-causing candidate genes, we performed transcriptome sequencing and pedigree co-segregation analysis in some genes and generated Col5a2 knockout rats. We identified 257 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants which involved 88.89% （64/72） genes in collagens-MMPs/TIMPs system and accounted for 31.05% （218/702） sporadic AD patients. In them, 84.86% patients （185/218） carried one variant, 12.84% two variants and 2.30% more than two variants. Importantly, we identified 52 novel probablY pathogenic loss-of-function （LOF） variants （20 nonsense, 16 frameshift, 14 splice sites, one stop-loss, one initiation codon） in 11.06% （50/452） AD patients, which were absent in 163 controls （P=2.5-10-5）. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that identified variants induced dyshomeostasis in expression of collagens-TIMPs/MMPs systems. The Col5a2-/- rats manifested growth retardation and aortic dysplasia. Our study provides a first comprehensive map of genetic alterations in collagens-MMPs/TIMPs system in sporadic AD patients and suggests that variants of these genes contribute largely to AD pathogenesis.

In situ localization of procollagen gene expression on cryosections of undecalcified fracture callus

To analyze the expression of procollagen gene in fracture callus, and to search for the technique of in situ hybridization for undecalcified skeletal tissue. Methods: In situ hybridization of procollagen gene expression was performed on the undecalcified cryosections of rat fracture callus at 7, 14, and 28 d. Results: The hybridization signals achieved were clear and easy to be localized with high specificity. On the 7th day, the expressions of pro α1(Ⅲ) in fibroblasts and some chondrocyte like cells were dominant; and at the end of second week high expression of type Ⅱ procollagen mRNA was observed in chondrocytes. At the end of fourth week, the cartilaginous callus was almost all replaced by woven bone tissue, and some type Ⅰ procollagen mRNA positive osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes were found scattering in the woven bone and remnants of cartilaginous callus.Conclusions: The modified method employed in this study is easier, quicker, and more sensitive with high specificity than the conventional technique for in situ hybridization of procollagen gene expression of decalcified rat fracture callus. The phenomenon of shared phenotype expression, which was demonstrated among cells engaged in fracture healing, indicates an important approach to reveal the mechanism of the origin, differentiation, and orientation of cells.

Acupuncture on the Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Type Ⅰ Collagen in Colons of Rats with Crohn’s Disease

Objective：To observe the impacts of herb-partitioned moxibustion,warm moxibustion and electroacupuncture on the basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF）and collagen type Ⅰ（Col Ⅰ）in colons of rats with Crohn＇ disease（CD）,and discuss the mechanism of acupuncture therapy on the intestinal fibrosis in CD.Methods：The model rats were developed by TNBS as multiple proinflammatory method.The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups：a normal group,a model group,a warm moxibustion group,an electroacupuncture group and a herb-partitioned moxibustion group.The treatments were carried out at Tianshu（ST 25）（bilateral）and Qihai（CV 6）in different treatments.The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression position of Col Ⅰ and bFGF.Results：The expressions of Col Ⅰ and bFGF in colons of rots in the model group significantly increased（compared with the normal group,P〈0.01）.After the herb-partitioned moxibustion,warm moxibustion and electroacupuncture,the expressions of Col Ⅰ and bFGF reduced markedly in the rats with CD（P〈0.01）.The expression of bFGF and Col Ⅰ in the colons had an obvious correlation in the Spearman rank correlation analysis.Conclusion：Acupuncture treatment reduced the abnormally high levels of expressions for Col Ⅰ and bFGF in colons.Col Ⅰ and bFGF participated in the fibrosis.Acupuncture treatment may reduce the bFGF expression in colons to regulate the excessive deposition,treating the intestinal fibrosis in CD.

Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein after tractive spinal cord injury in rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after tractive spinal cord injury in rats and to explore the recovery of spinal cord function. METHODS: The rats were subjected to tractive spinal cord injury at T13-L2. Cortical somatosensory-evoked potential (CSEP) was closely monitored and when P1-N1 wave amplitude decreased to 70% of that before operation, a small-bore catheter was inserted below the injured plane through subarachnoid cavity. In the treatment groups, 20 microl of bFGF solution (containing 20 microg of bFGF) was injected through the catheter right after the operation and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h postoperatively. In the control group, same volume of normal saline was injected and every four rats were killed at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 d after the operation. Combined behavior score (CBS) and electro-physiological examination were adopted to evaluate function recovery. Expression of GFAP was observed by immuno-histochemical staining and was analyzed quantitatively by computer image analysis. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in GFAP-positive cells between bFGF treatment group and the control group (P