胸腺嘧啶脱氧核糖核酸糖基化酶(thymine DNA glycosylase,TDG)属于单功能尿嘧啶脱氧核糖核酸糖基化酶(uracil DNA glycosidase,UDG)超家族中的成员,在基因组稳定和表观遗传调控中具有双重作用。TDG参与调控DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)...胸腺嘧啶脱氧核糖核酸糖基化酶(thymine DNA glycosylase,TDG)属于单功能尿嘧啶脱氧核糖核酸糖基化酶(uracil DNA glycosidase,UDG)超家族中的成员,在基因组稳定和表观遗传调控中具有双重作用。TDG参与调控DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)和去甲基化(DNA demethylation)。DNA甲基化主要为胞嘧啶(cytosine,C)甲基化,是指胞嘧啶以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl Methionine,SAM)为甲基供体,在DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMTs)的作用下,在胞嘧啶第5位碳原子上加上一个甲基,形成5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytosine,5mC)。5mC广泛存在于哺乳动物基因组中,并在基因组稳定性维持、组织特异性基因沉默、逆转录转座子沉默等诸多生物学过程中发挥重要作用。DNA去甲基化是指5mC还原为C,这个过程也是由DNMTs完成的。DNA去甲基化包括被动去甲基化和主动去甲基化2种途径。被动DNA去甲基化是指在DNA复制过程中,新合成的子链DNA未能维持甲基化状态,导致DNA甲基化的被动稀释(passive dilution);DNA主动去甲基化过程不涉及DNA复制,是指通过TDG等酶的作用去除5mC和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5hmC)的氧化产物,即5-甲羟基胞嘧啶(5-formylcytosine,5fC)和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5-carboxylcytosine,5caC)。TDG还通过碱基切除修复途径(base excision repair,BER)切割糖与靶碱之间的N-糖苷键,在纠正错配及损伤的DNA碱基对(base pair,bp)中起重要作用。最近的研究表明TDG还在转录调控、胚胎发育及肿瘤治疗等领域发挥重要作用。本文总结了近年来TDG的研究现状及进展,为进一步的深入研究提供理论支持。展开更多
The selenium derivatization of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes has provided a powerful tool to solve phase problem in X-ray crystallography. Selenium atoms in the nucleotides can serve as fine scatter...The selenium derivatization of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes has provided a powerful tool to solve phase problem in X-ray crystallography. Selenium atoms in the nucleotides can serve as fine scattering centers in crystal diffraction. Towards the synthesis of multiple selenium atom-containing nucleotides, which offers strong phasing power to facilitate crys- tal structure determination, we report here the synthesis of the thymidine analogue containing two Se atoms in one nucleobase. The novel Se-containing nucleoside and oligonucleotide DNAs were synthesized and found with the red-shifted UV spectrum and yellow color. Their unique properties are useful in phase determination, nucleic acid-based detection as well as spectro- scopic studies of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes.展开更多
文摘The selenium derivatization of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes has provided a powerful tool to solve phase problem in X-ray crystallography. Selenium atoms in the nucleotides can serve as fine scattering centers in crystal diffraction. Towards the synthesis of multiple selenium atom-containing nucleotides, which offers strong phasing power to facilitate crys- tal structure determination, we report here the synthesis of the thymidine analogue containing two Se atoms in one nucleobase. The novel Se-containing nucleoside and oligonucleotide DNAs were synthesized and found with the red-shifted UV spectrum and yellow color. Their unique properties are useful in phase determination, nucleic acid-based detection as well as spectro- scopic studies of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes.
