Peroral cholangioscopy in the new millennium

Peroral cholangioscopy was first described in 1970s and has recently gained popularity.Peroral cholangioscopy is appealing to therapeutic endoscopists because a direct intraluminal view of the biliary duct system offers possibilities for diagnosis and interventions beyond that which other imaging or endoscopic modalities can provide.As the image quality of cholangioscopies improves,so too does their diagnostic capability,and as their durability and maneuverability increases,so too does their potential use for therapeutic applications.This editorial is intended to provide a brief review of recent developments in peroral cholangioscopy and current indications for its use.

Comparison of the Vortex and Ring Spun Cotton Yarns and Their Knitted Fabric Properties

Vortex spinning is an innovative air-jet spinning technology with promising features.A comparison of the vortex and ring spun cotton yarns and their knitted fabric properties was provided to evaluate the latent capability of the vortex spinning technology.The results show that the vortex yarn has better elongation,evenness and much less hairiness than the ring yarn.The vortex fabric is found to have better air permeability,bursting properties,and pilling resistance than the ring fabric,while the drapeability and abrasion resistance of the ring fabric are better than the vortex fabric.

A Novel Solar Driven Micro-CliP System： A State of the Art Review

The state-of-the-art solar power system technologies are presented. Various methods of capturing solar energy using solar collectors such as parabolic trough collectors and dish collectors are reviewed. Combined heat and power （CHP） systems driven by concentrating solar absorbers and supplemented by biomass boilers are proving to be the most promising methods of domestic power generation, μCHP systems eliminate losses associated with power distribution and transmission opposed to the large scale power generation methods. The systems can utilize about 75% of solar energy to provide electric and thermal energy direct to end users. The driving potential behind μCHP systems is the thermal efficiency the systems can achieve and their market significance. Despite huge potential market for μCHP systems, the systems are yet to be seen available in commercial market. Hence the authors of this paper are currently developing such type of CHP system with electricity production being of prime importance.

实现活动与亚里士多德《形而上学》■卷的整体结构

围绕亚里士多德《形而上学》■卷,学界历来多有争论,而争论的焦点是第六章。本文试图证明,就此章而言,过多关注δυναμιç而忽略实现活动(ενεργεια)的做法是有偏颇的。这不仅体现在对■卷的整体理解上,而且会遮蔽■卷和Λ卷的密切关系。本文就此得出三个结论:其一,立足于以往的研究,本文试图从实现活动角度对■6的类比做新诠,指出这一类比不仅是δυναμιç的扩展,更重要的是实现活动的扩展;其二,对实现活动做双重性区分。实现活动的第一义是功能或能力的发用,第二义是实体自身的持续存在。在此区分的基础上,我们可以梳理出一条实现活动的层级谱系:从目的在其自身之外的活动,进展到目的在自身之中的、具有“更高自主性”实体的实现活动。而最高的实现活动是神的活动;其三,尝试挑战博恩耶特对Θ6有争议段落的解释,这一段落放在■6此处是与上下文相吻合的,并且与■卷整体结构也并无矛盾。

Vector Space Structure of Finite Evolutionary Games and Its Application to Strategy Profile Convergence

A vector space structure is proposed for the set of finite games with fixed nmnbers of players and strategies for each players. Two statical equivalences are used to reduce tile dimension of finite games. Under the vector space structure the subspaces of exact and weighted potential games are investigated. Formulas are provided to calculate them. Then the finite evolutionary games （EGs） are considered. Strategy profile dynamics is obtained using different strategy updating rules （SURs）. Certain SURs, which assure the convergence of trajectories to pure Nash equilibriums, are investigated. Using the vector space structure, the projection of finite games to the subspace of exact （or weighted） potential games is considered, and a simple formula is given to calculate the projection. The convergence of near potential games to an c-equilibrium is studied. Further more, the Lyapunov function of EGs is defined and its application to the convergence of EGs is presented. Finally, the near potential function for an EG is defined, and it is proved that if the near potential function of an EG is a Lyapunov function, the EG will converge to a pure Nash equilibrium. Some examples are presented to illustrate the results.

Measurement of the anisotropy factor with azimuthal light backscattering

The potential capability of low coherence backscattering(LBS) is explored to determine the anisotropy factor based on azimuthal light backscattering map. The scattering intensity signal measured at azimuthal angle φ=0° is extracted for analysis. By performing nonlinear regression fitting on the experimental signal to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function, the anisotropy factor is determined. The experiments with tissue phantom consisting of the aqueous suspension of polystyrene microspheres are carried out. The results show that the measured anisotropy factor is well described by Mie theory.