物质–暗物质–暗能量三位一体

时空阶梯理论揭示,气时空是宇宙的本源,气时空极化产生形而下时空和形而上时空,形而下时空是物质,而形而上时空是暗能量,而气时空是暗物质,所以,物质、暗物质和暗能量是三位一体,是一个整体。气时空极化产生能气场,而能气场包含能量场和气场。我们以能量场为基础,计算出三个星系自转曲线的理论值,这些理论值与实际观测值基本吻合。我们以气场理论为基础,把哈勃常数作为气场强度的对应值,计算出了先驱者号异常加速度的理论值,与之前的实际计算基本吻合。这里的关键是,暗物质和暗能量的计算,来自同一理论基础,就是能气场理论,而两者的理论值与实际观测值都基本吻合,这证明能气场理论是正确的。

银河系自转曲线的理论计算与实际观测比较

时空阶梯理论揭示,能气场就是暗物质,星体运动变化除了受牛顿引力之外,还受能气场的作用力:F=m(E+v×Q),其中,F是能气场力,m是星体质量,E是能量场强度,v是星体的速度,Q是气感应强度。实际观测:在距离银心4<R<19kpc范围内,星体速度在220km/s左右。而当R>8.5kpc时,自转曲线有所抬高。理论计算:在距离银心4<R<16kpc范围内,星体速度在220km/s左右。而当R>8.5kpc时,具体在10<R<19kpc范围内,星体速度从220km/s上升到235km/s,自转曲线有所抬高,但是整体上,自转曲线基本上是平坦的,与实际观测基本吻合。

Numerical simulation of subsonic and transonic flow flieds and aerodynamic characteristics of anti-tank intelligent mine

Anti-tank intelligent mine is a kind of new intelligent anti-tank bomb relying on high precision detector.It can effectively capture and damage targets with wind resistance coefficient and other factors affecting its flight characteristics under consideration.This article is based on the three-dimensional model of intelligent mine.To analyze its subsonic and transonic flow fields and the change law of aerodynamic force factor with the growth of the angle of attack,computational fluid dynamics software is used for intelligent mine flow field numerical calculation and the change law of pressure center.The results show that the large drag coefficient is conducive to the stability of scanning.Drastic changes of the flow field near the intelligent mine will disable its scanning movement.The simulation results can provide a reference for scanning stability analysis,overall performance optimization and appearance improvement.

Assessment of green roof performance for sustainable buildings under winter weather conditions

A green roof is a specialized roof system that supports vegetation growth on rooftops.This technology is rapidly gaining popularity as a sustainable design option for buildings.In order to contribute to an understanding of green roof in regions with cold winters and snow,an on-site experimental investigation was present with a focus on the assessment of green roof performance during the winter.This field experiment took place on a six small buildings during the winter of 2010-2011.The work monitored three buildings with green roofs,two buildings with reference roofs and one building with a bare soil coverage for the roof.These six buildings were identically constructed and instrumented with sensor networks to provide heat flux data through the roofs.The 15 min averaged data were statistically analyzed for a week under the two separate periods,first without a snow cover and second with a snow cover.The results show that the roof type is a significant factor in affecting the thermal performance of these buildings.Most importantly,green roofs reduce heat flow through the roof and thus reduce the heating energy demand during the winter.However,the energy savings for buildings with the green roofs are reduced under snow conditions because the snow diminishes thermal resistance of the roof and increases the heat transfer process through the roofs.

Strengthen Domestic Construction to Satisfy Energy Demand

The energy issue is a common concern for all countries in the world and also a challenge to China and Chinese government attaches great importance to the issue. China＇s demand for energy rises steadily with its fast econornic growth. In face of energy resources shortages. China has to implement a twofold strategy on the energy issue： strenuously consolidating domestic resources construction, and rigorously enforcing energy-saving by improving public awareness of energy conservation.

Residential Energy Consumption and Associated Carbon Emission in Forest Rural Area in China: A Case Study in Weichang County

Rural energy consumption in China has increased dramatically in the last decades, and has become a significant contributor of carbon emissions. Yet there is limited data on energy consumption patterns and their evolution in forest rural areas of China. In order to bridge this gap, we report the findings of field surveys in forest villages in Weichang County as a case study of rural energy consumption in northern China. We found that the residential energy consumption per household is 3313 kgce yr^-1 （kilogram standard coal equivalent per year）, with energy content of 9.7×lO7 kJ yr^-1, including 1783 kgce yr^-1 from coal, 1386 kgce yr^-1 from fuel wood, 96 kgce yr^-1 from electricity, and 49 kgce yr^-1 from LPG. Per capita consumption is 909 kgce yr^-1 and its energy content is 2.7×lO7 kJ yr^-1. Due to a total energy utilization efficiency of 24.6%, all the consumed energy can only supply about 2.4×107 kJ yr^-1 of efficient energy content. Secondly, household energy consumption is partitioned into 2614 kgce yr^-1 for heating, 616 kgce yr^-1 for cooking, and 117 kgce yr^-1 for home appliances. Thirdly, the associated carbon emissions oer household are 2556 kzC yr^-1, includinz1022 kgC yr^-1 from unutilized fuel wood （90% of the total fuel wood）. The rest of emissions come from the use of electricity （212 kgC yr^-1, coal （13Ol kgC yr^-1 and LPG （21 kgC yr^-1. Fourthly, local climate, family size and household income have strong influences on rural residential energy consumption. Changes in storage and utilization practices of fuel can lead to the lO%-30% increase in the efficiency of fuel wood use, leading to reduced energy consumption by 924 kgce yr^-1 per household （27.9% reduction） and 9Ol kgC yr^-1 of carbon emissions （35-3% reduction）.

The Mechanism of Flow Field around a Rotating Cylinder with Fins for High Performance Magnus Wind Turbine

Spiral Magnus is a unique wind turbine system that rotates with cylinders which have spiral-shaped fins coiled around them （instead of using the more common propeller-type blades）. In the present study, three models （cylinder with no fins, cylinder with straight fins and cylinder with spiral fins） were installed, and fluid force measurements were performed by a strain gauge force balance. A PIV （particle image velocimetry） system was used to better understand the flow fields around the cylinder. Considering the results of the experiment, it was confirmed that, the aerodynamic performance of the rotating cylinder can be improved by the fin. However, the straight fin makes the flow close to the cylinder surface ineffective. The rotary cylinder with the spiral fins was able to generate the greatest lift among three models, because the spiral fin effectively influences the vicinity of the cylinder surface.

Impact of renewable power market penetration on coal power generation capacity growth

Since renewable energy sources are growing in importance, how well they can penetrate the energy market for power generation will be a very important factor in the role the coal industry will play in the future. This paper examined the displacement of coal power plant capacity from 2010 to 2050 by renewables with respect to three drivers assumed under various conditions： the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act （ARRA）, Greenhouse Gas （GItG） policy, and varying plant capital cost cases. The results by 2050 illustrate that renewable market penetration captures anywhere from 1.9% to 6.4% of potential coal power generation capacity additions. Renewable power generation capacity additions is expected to outpace coal power plant additions by 89% with respect to ARRA in 2050, however with no GHG policy coal power generation capacity build-outs will outpace renewables by as high as 809%. Finally, coal power generation is still projected to be the largest single energy source contributor to the electricity market making up 28.0% of total available capacity, while renewables are expected to only make up 16.3% of total available capacity.

Energy Recovery from MSW Treatment by Gasification and Melting Technology

The increase of waste production, joined to the difficulties concerning both the identification of new disposal sites and the construction of big conventional incinerators, led in recent years to the development of new technologies for waste management such as gasification and melting treatments. The possibility to introduce in the Italian context the DMS （direct melting system） technology, designed and manufactured by Nippon Steel Engineering Co. Ltd., has been taken into account for the scope of proposed work. DMS technology consists in MSW gasification, slags melting and combustion of the syngas produced, with the consequent generation of electric energy through a steam cycle. The system minimizes environmental impact, thanks to an effective recycling of useful resources such as inert melted slags and metals, featuring high flexibility in terms of treatment capacity due to its modular design. The aim of this article is to consider different plant configurations in order to optimize the energy recovery downstream the DMS module. As a case study, landfill gas exploitation integrated in the DMS plant will be considered as a typical situation that could occur in the Italian scenario. The energetic input provided by the biogas allows improving the thermo-economic performances according to market incentives.

Regulating Aspects and Geologic Solutions of the Natural Gas Building Capacities to a Gas Market Model in Albania

Caspian Gas into Balkans over medium to long term becames Albanian case on June 2013 when TAP route was selected. After Albanian National Territory Council approved TAP AG＇s Compound Development Permit, the project should start Construction Phase 1. Existing gas pipeline connections of Albania within the European network via TAP, is highly estimated by energy authorities in both technical and regulating aspects. New pipelines are projected to be build in order to meet local energy consume and seasonal fluctuations, as well as needs of Kosovo and FYROM. Some of important points： determination on the capacity sector building for a due Albanian Gas Market Model, supply options on the future gasification, alternatives of opening underground gas storages in the salt domes of Dumre region and extending pipelines to neighboring countries. By assistance of the Secretariat of Energy Community, MEI starts drafting the new gas law to meet Third Energy Package. TAP project, IAP project, Albania-Kosovo Pipeline, an LNG plant and terminals coastal construction, can contribute on the diversification of gas supply. Underground Gas Storage potentials are geologic solution target, considering the Upper Miocene depleted sandstone gas fields of Divjaka, as well as the Dumre evaporitic deposits diapir of the Upper Triassic.

Prospect of Mid-long Term Oil & Gas System Reform in China

International oil keeps low-price running after crash, and China deepens reformm domestically. Using this opportunity, China lays the same emphasis on investment and trade, on onshore and offshore transportation, gives full play to the important role of market in resource distribution, speeds up oil and gas system reform to guarantee clean, e fficienL safe and steady energy supply and long-term demand for energy. We systematically and thoroughly established legal system for oil and gas domains, reformed management system for energy domain, re＆treed regulatory domain, built modern market entity and multi-level market system, and improved oil and gas pricing mechanism, etc.

On Issues of Large-Scale and Long-Distance Transmission of Wind Power

While having constantly developed for five years,China's wind power meets its bottleneck of further development in fast-growing areas due to the insufficient market accommodation.In contrast,the Central China and the East China have experienced the shortage of coal,oil and natural gas for power generation in recent winters.Hence,how to handle the discrepancy between insufficient accommodation and short energy supply has become the focus of attention both domestically and abroad.Taking Jiuquan Wind Power Base as an example,the reverse distribution between the energy resources and the consumer market,the wind power accommodation and the energy transmission are analyzed;the necessity and feasibility of long-distance power transmission are also discussed,which presents a technical roadmap for the long-distance transmission of thermal and wind power in combination.

Challenges and Opportunities of China Oil & Gas Industry

Chinese economy has turned from rapid development into new normal. With economic transition, demand for oil and gas decreases as well. Consumed diesel-gasoline ratio keeps declining, and diesel export increases considerably. Gas demand grows at medium speed, and supply meets demand in general. Alternative energy dominated by gas and electricity will develop faster. As crude oil import right is gradually liberalized, domestic oil market structure will be changed. Oil price drop brings the best opportunity for oil and gas market reform, and environmental protection becomes main force boosting natural gas development.

Effects of Measuring Positions on the Measured Aerodynamic Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor

This paper performs a numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field in a centrifugal compressor with long inlet and outlet pipes using CFX software.By arranging virtual probes at different positions in both inlet and outlet planes,the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor is measured and compared with each other.Then effects of measuring positions on measurement results are discussed.The results show that it will generate notable measuring errors of the pressure ratio and efficiency if the inlet total pressure is measured using a single-point probe.The inlet total pressure data can be accurate when they are measured using a 3-point rake.The outlet total pressure and total temperature data can not be accurate if they are respectively measured at one circumferential position even using a multi-point rake.Increasing tangential measuring positions at the outlet is effective to improve the test accuracy.When the outlet total pressure and total temperature are respectively measured at 3 tangential positions,the data can be almost accurate.

Obtain martian magnetic pileup boundary by spectrum of low energy electrons

The electron spectrometer of Mars Express (MEX) provides the flux of low energy electrons (<20 keV) near Mars. 96 pieces of continuously measured data are analyzed, and the crossings of the magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) can be determined by fitting the energy spectrum of the low energy electrons. The shape and position of the MPB can be gained from these crossings, and they are in good agreement with the results obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Phobos-2. In addition, we classify these crossings based on the crustal magnetic field nearby. It turns out that the position of MPB near the strong (>50 nT) crustal magnetic field is higher than the position of the MPB near the weak (<10 nT) crustal magnetic field. This result reflects the effect of the crustal magnetic field on the interaction between the Martian atmosphere and solar wind.