未来世界新能源-可燃冰

随着经济建设的不断发展,世界对能源的需求越来越大,在加大节约型经济社会的建设力度的同时,开发新能源也是当代社会的重要任务,在此本文首先从中国国情出发,能源危机将在未来30年凸现,探索中国可燃冰潜在市场,尤其是中国青海可燃冰对中国未来能源危机的巨大反推进作用,其次讨论了可燃冰的现状,最后探索可燃冰的开发应用及面临的巨大困难。

建筑节能设备与产品在当代的发展

人们对室内环境质量的要求在提高。为满足这种要求,建筑中增设了多种建筑设备系统。因此而带来了建筑耗能的增加。国际上在经历数次能源危机以及对矿物能能源资源的不可回复性和温室效应对自下而上环境的负面影响的认识越来越清楚之后,提出了控制矿物能源用量的增长,提高用能效率,开发新能源和可再生能源,保护环境的目标。作为耗能大户的建筑节能受到极大的关注。在我国建筑节能,重点的城市住宅建筑节能,也提到了工作日程。人们在思考和实践,寻求实现建筑节能的有效途径。建筑节能是一项系统工程。在策划、实施及取得持续实效的长期过程中涉及规划、设计、施工、调试、运行、维修等诸多环节。在实施中涉及诸多技术与产品。而这引起技术与产品又涉及诸多专业及产业,纵横交错,相互推动和制约。在价值观上又涉及一次投资、运行费、维修费、改造费等眼前与长远利益、产品增值效益等诸多利益的权衡取舍。在提高建筑围护结构保温隔热性能,减少冷热负荷的同时应对建筑节能设备与产品的发展服给予足够重视。

2007年饲料业发展遭遇严冬

2007年以来,玉米、豆粕为首的饲料原料价格的不断上涨,以及养殖业由于疫病的打击而陷入低谷,给饲料企业带来巨大的压力。近日通过与部分饲料企业的沟通,简单了解了这些企业在2007年的发展情况,现就这些企业对饲料行业发展情况的影响进行一个简单的解析。

Overview of Past, Present and Future Marine Power Plants

In efforts to overcome an foreseeable energy crisis predicated on limited oil and gas supplies, reserves; economic variations facing the world, and of course the environmental side effects of fossil fuels, an urgent need for energy sources that provide sustainable, safe and economic supplies for the world is imperative. The current fossil fuel energy system must be improved to ensure a better and cleaner transportation future for the world. Despite the fact that the marine transportation sector consumes only 5% of global petroleum production; it is responsible for 15% of the world NOx and SOx emissions. These figures must be the engine that powers the scientific research worldwide to develop new solutions for a very old energy problem. In this paper, the most effective types of marine power plants were discussed. The history of the development of each type was presented first and the technical aspects were discussed second. Also, the fuel ceils as a new type of power plants used in marine sector were briefed to give a complete overview of the past, present and future of the marine power plants development. Based on the increased worldwide concerns regarding harmful emissions, many researchers have introduced solutions to this problem, including the adoption of new cleaner fuels. This paper was guided using the same trend and by implementing the hydrogen as fuel for marine internal combustion engine, gas turbines, and fuel cells.

The Role of Chilean Mountain Areas in Time of Drought and Energy Crisis:New Pressures and Challenges for Vulnerable Ecosystems

In the summer of 2010/2011 Chile suffered the third most severe energy and water supply crisis in only one decade. This may be surprising as the Andes which accompany the country along 4,200 km are a water tower and could provide more electricity and water than needed. On top of that, it has to be mentioned that Chile also counts with sunny and windy climates and with excellent geothermal energy resources and thus has a huge potential as far as renewable energies are concerned. After analyzing the existing natural conditions, the infrastructure and the present challenges of climate change, it has to be asked in which way Chile can make use of this potential in the near future, considering the legal and political situation and the technological opportunities. It seems that the resources are still hidden in the Andes, and only the key is missing to realize the country＇s natural potential. This research has been based on the analysis of existing literature, media, quantitative data from government institutions and other antecedents obtained by the authors in field work done in the South of Chile in 2OLO. The added value of this compilation lies in the comprehensive perspective, linking the knowledge of climatologists, hydrologists, mountain researchers and energy experts in order to support a sustainable energy and water supply for the future in Chile. From this present research, it can be concluded that Chile necessarilyhas to adopt new energy-related strategies, particularly those aimed at diminishing the strong dependence on traditional sources of energy and establishing new techniques and technologies for generating electrieity and utilizing the vast potential that the country is ready to offer, such as that provided by the Andes along 4,200 kilometers.

Integrated Water Resources Management for Pond in Bistrica E Pejes

In this century of crisis in water and energy the problem of water resources development is very crucial, especially in countries like Kosova with relatively scarce water resources. In this context the use of water for the production of hydro-energy is essential. Actually the energetic system of Kosova is based on thermo-energy, so the use of water resources for the production of hydro energy will increase further the energy production of the country. On the other hand, a master plan of multiple use of water resources, based on the principle of integrated and sustainable management, will insure better services for other users of the country. There are four basins in Kosovo： basin of the Drini i Bardhe River, basin of Ibar River, basin of Morava e Bing^s and Lepenci Rivers. The watershed of Bistrica e Pejes belongs to the basin of Drini i Bardhe, which belongs to the Adriatic Sea catchment. It has an admirable capacity therefore should be treated as a complex capacity, in which important economic components of water can be introduced such as： drinking water supply, water for irrigation in both sides of valley, fish economy and recreation, hydro-energy etc..

Mass Tourism and Air Transport, an Inevitable Relationship： The Case of Canary Islands

The tourist industry, as global mass phenomenon, is inextricably linked to the evolution of air transport systems and air carriers, in turn, depends on tourism to ensure stability in routes and prices. Therefore, both sectors must face the new challenges together, the transport industry is heading a problem of energy and cost overruns, that inevitably will affect tourism in the short term. The first energy crisis that they are starting to live, has been mitigated by changes in three parameters： （1） the international regulation of commercial aviation; （2） the connectivity and business （birth of low cost companies） models; and （3） the new policies for climate change and gas emission. So far, the rapid growth of the tourist industry has being held on a fast and cheap access to transport energy resources based on the false belief of unlimited access to energy. The article is a review of the state of the art, and the research papers published on air transportation, relating to tourism and the emergence of low cost airlines, in order to give a global vision for the decision makers of mass destinations, as it is the case of the Canary Islands that we will use as a reference.

Research Paper on Design and Implementation of Solid Organic Waste Managing System

During the energy crisis of the nation and normal day-to-day activities, biogas technology can be a potential alternative source of energy. Conventional biogas has considerably low output methane gas for a given organic input. Considering the need for efficient biogas plant, SOWMS （solid organic waste managing system） has been designed and implemented on a trial basis by constructing community bin at ward number 4 of Gothatar VDC, Nepal. When composition of output biogas from the SOWMS was tested for five times, at different days, the average composition of gas was 55% methane and 35% carbon dioxide. The gas produced from 1 kg of waste is calculated to be 45 liters and pH value of slurry was found to be 7.8. These values indicate that designed system has good performance and that it can be optimized in the future research. Finally, this research work has some social implications that can have potential impact to uplift the society.

A study of zoning for energy security in China

As a result of more and more serious energy risks, the study of national energy security zoning is not only the basic requirement of energy risk management but also the new demand of economic development for the energy industry. Firstly, this paper analyzes the basic situation of energy resources and production and consumption of primary. energy from 1996 to 2005 in China. Secondly; this paper founds an Energy Security Index System formed by six indices including the percentage of energy reserves, interlocal dependent degree, energy elasticity coefficient and so on. It subsequently calculates the weight of these indices with the factor analysis rating method Lastly, the paper evaluates and zones the abilities of energy security of 30 provinces in China with the grey chuster method According to their security; the 30 provinces are classified into three different levels： high, medium, and low levels. The regions at low energy security level include Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. They are mainly littoral and short of primary energy production while mostly dependent on other provinces. Those at medium energy security level include 15 provinces （cities or districts）, such as Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hunan and so on. These provinces are in the northeast, north, east of and central China. Those at high energy security level contain Shanxi. lnner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi. Xinjiang. These provinces are the main primary energy production bases.

Some Potential Solutions to Global Environment Problems ＆ Energy Crisis： Based on Design

Nowadays human society enters the 21st century, with the rapid economic and technological development, people＇s material and spiritual requirements has got great satisfaction. However, natural environmental damage brought by us is also accelerating. Natural disasters happen frequently, including ecological degradation and deterioration, energy resources crisis, greenhouse effect, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes etc. The global crisis has once again waken-up call to mankind. How to properly solve these crises had become a common and urgent responsibility of mankind. This paper will mainly discuss and seek some new potential methods in solving energy crisis and environmental problems from the perspective of automotive and architecture design. As an architect, how to avoid light pollution and reduce heat absorption of roof, increasing heat reflectance of roof are becoming their main and urgent responsibilities. On the other hand, reducing greenhouse effect, researching and developing new low-carbon, low-emission fuel sources are also becoming automotive designers＇ obligations. Living in harmony with nature ＆ earth is becoming the common human themes of the 21 st century.

Analysis Of China＇s New Solar Energy And Hydrogen Energy Industry Trend

Every crisis has meant the decline and death of the old things, but also indicates that the birth of new things and grow. Energy crisis and environmental crisis prompted human thinking, looking for a way out. While fossil energy in the past hundred years time, the development of human society has made a huge role, but due to the limitations of its own： the non-renewable nature, environmental pollution and energy politicized, destined to be replaced. New energy in a tough energy and environmental situation become a new impetus for economic development. Of course, the new energy present due to various reasons, in the proportion of human energy consumption structure, the proportion accounted for far less than fossil fuels, technical issues, storage and transportation issues and cost issues still restrict the development and popularization of new energy. Nuclear, solar, wind, tidal energy and hydrogen energy are all new areas. Which in terms of nuclear and solar energy technology, the use is still relatively mature, the market prospects of other energy sources is also very tempting, in this paper, standing industrial perspective analysis of the market prospects of new energy solar and hydrogen energy.

＂Collapse＂ of Europe in the Light of Energy Dependence

The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important what with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures ~energy efficiency）, diversification of sources （stability of supply）, and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy （energy transition）, intertwine with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming （or cooling） of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） policy in the field of defense in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective： The US has become energy independent while Europe is chronically energy dependent.

Challenges for Indonesia in Embarking to Nuclear Power

Indonesia has been planning to build Nuclear Power Plants （NPPs） since the 1970＇s. Nevertheless, due to some problems the program is immaterialized so far. Recently, in anticipation of domestic energy crisis, nuclear program is revitalized. In the current situation, nuclear program is facing various challenges, including public perception, political instability, brain drain of skilled people, governmental support, and international confidence. In coping with these challenges, several efforts have been done. For instance, to deals with public perception, BATAN is making continuous effort in convincing the public and the decision makers to be aware of the necessity of nuclear power. In line with such effort, several milestones of the nuclear power programme have also been achieved. One of the most important milestones is the enactment of Act No. 10/1997 on Nuclear Energy. The Act demands the establishment of independent regulatory body separated from promoting body.

Energy Crisis in Nigerian University System： Implications of Self Auto-generation for Human Capital Development

Energy requirements for tertiary educational purpose is burgeoning, a reflection of its criticality to human asset formation and to use self auto-generation by petrol or diesel generators as the energy supply source is an unsustainable practice. The situation is worrisome in view of the noise pollution and nuisance that constitutes to the learning environment. This paper, therefore, determines the quantity of self generated energy supply, its intensity, the associated CO2 emissions and their possible implications for human capital development. A survey of generating sets was conducted using the University of Nigeria Nsukka as a representative of Nigerian universities. A walk-through-approach was adopted in gathering data and two metrics-life cycle cost and cost of electricity from auto-generation were used to determine the economic implications of the self generation. The results show that self auto-generation contributed installed energy capacity of amount 19 MVA, 20 MVA, 34 MVA, 11 MVA and 22 MVA to run human capital development activities, respectively for academic sessions from July 2006 to November 2010. The study helps us understand that reforms in educational sector are not effective as long as energy insecurity is a dominant factor.

China＇s Oil Security Issues and Countermeasures in the Context of Economic Globalization

In the context of economic globalization and economic crisis, China＇ s oil security issues are not merely related to energy access and consumption, but also involve many aspects of the political and economic factors which are becoming increasingly complex. In view of this, we should not only need to attach great importance to energy security, making full use of ＂two markets and two resources＂ to take a variety of channels to ensure oil supply diversification, but also should develop oil security strategy from a strategic level, and actively participate in international oil trading system. Furthermore, we should support China＇ s oil enterprises from the political, financial and other aspects, so as to ensure adequate, stable and affordable supply ofoil to meet China＇ s economic construction requirement.

Final Move for an Integrated EU Energy Market： Energy Union

EU is in position of world＇s largest energy importer and plays an active role in energy markets. Therefore, the EU＇s energy policy has not only local but also global effects. Because of the two oil crises in the 1970＇s, energy has taken an important place in the EU＇s agenda and has become one of the EU＇s highest priorities as the part of the EU＇s goal of Single Market. Especially, the 1987 Single European Act followed by the goal of Single Market has come to dominate the idea of the necessity of having a single market for energy. A chapter about energy has been added into the letter of the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon for the first time, thus energy has gained a new dimension and has had a legal basis. However, although there are energy rules defined at European level, there are 28 national regulatory structures in practice. Therefore, an integrated energy market is needed to create more competition, to increase market efficiency through better use of energy generation facilities across the EU, to produce affordable prices for consumers, and to move as whole, not as 28 separate countries. In this regard, the idea of creation of the Energy Union has emerged and the European Commission has published a detailed action plan for the Energy Union on February 25, 2015. In this study, historical process of initiatives for the creation of common energy policy in the EU is analyzed and the future of Energy Union is discussed.

Forming analysis and application for aluminum-alloy material

The increase in car ownership brought about by energy shortages,and environmental crises became more acute.The most effective way to achieve energy saving and emission reduction of car is to improve engine efficiency.In addition to that,lightweight body is the key.Aluminum,magnesium alloy as significant materials of lightweight,and the application amount in the car body is a significant upward trend.However,there is high cost of material,with immature applied technology and a series of bottleneck problems.All of them affect general application of lightweight materials. This paper focuses on forming process issues for aluminum,magnesium alloy and the solutions to achieve.

Material,energy and spatial fields for metallogenic prediction:Theory and practice An example:Limu Sn polymetallic crisis mines

The Limu tin deposits located in the Nanling tin and tungsten-polymetallic ore belt are now facing resource depletion after decades of exploitation.Peripheral mineral exploration therefore has become an urgent task.Using mineral exploration around the Limu crisis mines as an example,we introduce a breakthrough method of how the three-field theory,i.e.,the material,energy and spatial fields,is applied to intensively studies areas,a history of years of mineral exploitation and complex ore-forming systems.Taking a cue from Limu regional metallogeny,we based our investigation on the metallogenic information from geology,geophysics,geochemistry and remote sensing.We conducted our study of the three-field integrated information system,associated with metallogenic prognoses from deposits,with assignments and calculations which correct and allocate synthetic metallogenic prognosis by relying on GIS.We submitted a synthetic metallogenic prognosis map of tin in Limu where we delineated three ore target areas.A breakthrough was achieved by finding about 4785 t of tin metal outside the Shiziling deposit,which has been confirmed by drilling.The successful application in Limu shows that this three-field theory is of scientific and practical importance and deserves to be extended to utilization.

基于智力城镇化的特色小镇产业培育探索——以辽宁通远堡镇为例

我国城镇化正处于劣势的体力城镇化阶段,特色小镇作为新型城镇化的主力军,体力化威胁仍不可避免。为缓解特色小镇体力化困境,文章基于智力城镇化的相关理论,以辽宁通远堡镇为例,围绕特色产业展开智力化培育的探索。结合链式产业思维,以智力投入、智力主体、智力产出三大环节为基础,以智力要素创新性地打造智力链条,构建可持续的特色产业,带动城镇化转型升级,以期为辽宁省乃至全国特色小镇培育提供借鉴。

From Oil to Renewable Energies： An Ecological Concern

The energetic sector is necessary for productive activity in the world, because energy is one of the most essential economic resources. The energy, at a social-historic level, always has been relevant for the development of any society, and as a country advanced in this field, there is an important increase of their energetic needs, in such a way that all energy supplies are considered as a national security strategy for many countries. This element, the natural resources of their own, their existence and good management are and will be the key for the coming years and decades to achieve the national security in the energetic field, economic development, and environment. This last argument has a great importance for the issues that are generated by an environmental crisis and the greenhouse effect in the world, due to the consumption of energy from oil and coal. All these justify the relevance of performing an analysis of the problems between the energy development and the environment, and both issues are presented in this paper from the economic history point of view.