As China needs to play a more active role in global energy governance, it must create a diversified, multi-level system to enhance energy security and to alleviate environmental pressures. A China-IEA bilateral relati...As China needs to play a more active role in global energy governance, it must create a diversified, multi-level system to enhance energy security and to alleviate environmental pressures. A China-IEA bilateral relationship exists under an Association Initiative, but a stronger bond is needed. Though it is not an IEA member, China's massive energy needs makes it sensible that the two sides overcome existing obstacles that include OECD membership, statistical information issues and energy autonomy. In this regard an "IEA+China" might be a feasible model.展开更多
Securing new sources of energy has become a major concern, because fossil fuels are expected to be depleted within several decades. In some of the major wars of the 20th century, control of oil was either a proximate ...Securing new sources of energy has become a major concern, because fossil fuels are expected to be depleted within several decades. In some of the major wars of the 20th century, control of oil was either a proximate cause or a decisive factor in the outcome. Especially in Japan and Germany, a great deal of research was devoted to making liquid fuels from coal. In one such experiment, a large amount of excess heat was observed. The present study was devoted to replicating and controlling that excess heat effect. The reactant is phenanthrene, a heavy oil fraction, which is subjected to high pressure and high heat in the presence of a metal catalyst. This results in the production of excess heat and strong penetrating electromagnetic radiation. After the reaction, an analysis of residual gas reveals a variety of hydrocarbons, but it seems unlikely that these products can explain the excess heat. Most of them form endothermically, and furthermore heat production reached 60 W. Overall heat production exceeded any conceivable chemical reaction by two orders of magnitude.展开更多
China＇s international energy cooperation and energy security are important parts of The Belt and Road initiatives. China and the countries along the Belt and Road continue to promote cooperation, actively use the exi...China＇s international energy cooperation and energy security are important parts of The Belt and Road initiatives. China and the countries along the Belt and Road continue to promote cooperation, actively use the existing bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms to promote the regional and inter-regional energy cooperation. Countries along the Belt and Road are rich in oil and gas resources; their demand on the diversification of export meet with the diversification demand on imports of consumption countries; and their oil refining and chemical technology as well as construction capacity is weak, which provides a lot of new opportunities in cooperation for Chinese enterprises. However, the energy cooperation of Chinese enterprises are also facing some challenges in the complex environment of energy cooperation, the interference of big powers, non-traditional security threats, and energy policy factors. Finally, the paper puts forward the strategic thinking of China＇s international energy cooperation under the new situation.展开更多
Conventional waste management practices focusing principally on waste collection, treatment and disposal or even minimisation often prove insufficient to address resource management challenges in a sustainable manner....Conventional waste management practices focusing principally on waste collection, treatment and disposal or even minimisation often prove insufficient to address resource management challenges in a sustainable manner. Taking into account the relationship between water provision, energy security and resource efficiency, a systems approach that delivers a strong information basis and provides opportunities for resource use optimisation at various levels of application provides opportunities for synergies that could deliver real benefits when cross-sectoral solutions are applied. By-products from sewage treatment in combination with organic solid waste such as food waste can provide a valuable source of energy if managed properly and utilised effectively. This way, waste can be seen as a raw material than can be turned into a resource rather than simply be discarded. As such, AD （anaerobic digestion）, the co-digestion of food waste with sewage sludge, could become a strategic and cross-sectoral solution, if carefully applied, with the potential to convey beneficial synergies for the water and the waste industries. However, barriers to the development of such systems are diverse and often interlinked. Institutional frameworks, decision making constraints, and regulatory boundaries might still appear to require an answer for three different problems, but this can be overcome if presented as just three different parts of the same answer. Such synergies could deliver economic benefits from the additional renewable energy generated and its associated incentives, and savings on costs for the infrastructure required for the exclusive digestion of food waste.展开更多
This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challen...This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challenges of the 21st century. The basic idea backing this argumentation is the assessment that, in comparison with other nations （the United States, Russia, India, Japan and Canada）, Europe and China would have most to lose if the upgrading of the Kyoto Protocol fails; and conversely, they would have most to win if the regime survives in a modernized form and with a more comprehensive application of international binding commitments. This is to say, the EU and China have no choice but to work together if they want to achieve their respective political objectives relating to the issue of global climate change in a less costly and more effective way.展开更多
文摘As China needs to play a more active role in global energy governance, it must create a diversified, multi-level system to enhance energy security and to alleviate environmental pressures. A China-IEA bilateral relationship exists under an Association Initiative, but a stronger bond is needed. Though it is not an IEA member, China's massive energy needs makes it sensible that the two sides overcome existing obstacles that include OECD membership, statistical information issues and energy autonomy. In this regard an "IEA+China" might be a feasible model.
文摘Securing new sources of energy has become a major concern, because fossil fuels are expected to be depleted within several decades. In some of the major wars of the 20th century, control of oil was either a proximate cause or a decisive factor in the outcome. Especially in Japan and Germany, a great deal of research was devoted to making liquid fuels from coal. In one such experiment, a large amount of excess heat was observed. The present study was devoted to replicating and controlling that excess heat effect. The reactant is phenanthrene, a heavy oil fraction, which is subjected to high pressure and high heat in the presence of a metal catalyst. This results in the production of excess heat and strong penetrating electromagnetic radiation. After the reaction, an analysis of residual gas reveals a variety of hydrocarbons, but it seems unlikely that these products can explain the excess heat. Most of them form endothermically, and furthermore heat production reached 60 W. Overall heat production exceeded any conceivable chemical reaction by two orders of magnitude.
文摘China＇s international energy cooperation and energy security are important parts of The Belt and Road initiatives. China and the countries along the Belt and Road continue to promote cooperation, actively use the existing bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms to promote the regional and inter-regional energy cooperation. Countries along the Belt and Road are rich in oil and gas resources; their demand on the diversification of export meet with the diversification demand on imports of consumption countries; and their oil refining and chemical technology as well as construction capacity is weak, which provides a lot of new opportunities in cooperation for Chinese enterprises. However, the energy cooperation of Chinese enterprises are also facing some challenges in the complex environment of energy cooperation, the interference of big powers, non-traditional security threats, and energy policy factors. Finally, the paper puts forward the strategic thinking of China＇s international energy cooperation under the new situation.
文摘Conventional waste management practices focusing principally on waste collection, treatment and disposal or even minimisation often prove insufficient to address resource management challenges in a sustainable manner. Taking into account the relationship between water provision, energy security and resource efficiency, a systems approach that delivers a strong information basis and provides opportunities for resource use optimisation at various levels of application provides opportunities for synergies that could deliver real benefits when cross-sectoral solutions are applied. By-products from sewage treatment in combination with organic solid waste such as food waste can provide a valuable source of energy if managed properly and utilised effectively. This way, waste can be seen as a raw material than can be turned into a resource rather than simply be discarded. As such, AD （anaerobic digestion）, the co-digestion of food waste with sewage sludge, could become a strategic and cross-sectoral solution, if carefully applied, with the potential to convey beneficial synergies for the water and the waste industries. However, barriers to the development of such systems are diverse and often interlinked. Institutional frameworks, decision making constraints, and regulatory boundaries might still appear to require an answer for three different problems, but this can be overcome if presented as just three different parts of the same answer. Such synergies could deliver economic benefits from the additional renewable energy generated and its associated incentives, and savings on costs for the infrastructure required for the exclusive digestion of food waste.
文摘This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challenges of the 21st century. The basic idea backing this argumentation is the assessment that, in comparison with other nations （the United States, Russia, India, Japan and Canada）, Europe and China would have most to lose if the upgrading of the Kyoto Protocol fails; and conversely, they would have most to win if the regime survives in a modernized form and with a more comprehensive application of international binding commitments. This is to say, the EU and China have no choice but to work together if they want to achieve their respective political objectives relating to the issue of global climate change in a less costly and more effective way.
