上海市工业能源生产力评价和技术效率分析

基于2000—2013年间上海市工业行业的面板数据,研究上海市工业能源生产力的影响因素,并测算工业33个行业的技术效率。结果表明,资本要素与能源生产力正相关,而能源投入和碳排放量与能源生产力负相关,且上海市工业领域存在轻微的劳动力过剩情况;总体上,上海市工业领域在2000—2013年间的平均技术效率为0.81,相对于生产前沿面来说,还有19%的改善空间;制造业的技术效率水平整体较高,而电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业的技术无效率程度极高,生产点严重滞后于最优产出。

轮胎企业能源生产力的分析

对能源生产力的概念进行了简要阐述,结合《轮胎单位产品能源消耗限额》分析了轮胎企业产值和产量的统计方法,对如何提高能源生产力提出了自己的建议。

浙江省工业部门能源生产力评价与影响因素分解

基于经济普查数据,采用基于产出的Shephard距离函数的DEA模型,评价了浙江省各地规上工业能源生产力发展状况;采用改进的生产理论分解分析(PDA),分解了各地市能源生产力提升的主要影响因素。研究发现:2013—2018年,各地市能源生产力均有不同幅度提高,但特征差异显著;各地能源生产力水平和生产效率存在分化,宁波市、衢州市和丽水市虽然能源生产力水平较低,但生产效率处于较高水平;碳排放-能源比、技术进步是主要的对能源生产力提升起到促进作用的因素,投入要素劳动力、资本、能源都主要表现为抑制作用,尤其是在浙江中南部地区的地市。基于以上结论,最后提出了相应的政策建议。

着力提升浙江工业部门能源生产力

浙江工业部门能源生产力发展不平衡不充分的特征较为突出,要从政策推动、市场引导、技术创新、产品升级等入手,着力控制能源消耗水平,提升工业经济产出能源生产力是指经济总量与能源消费总量之比,即能耗强度的倒数。和能耗强度强调减少能源消耗不同,能源生产力更重视增加经济价值产出。浙江省历来高度重视节能降耗工作,而工业部门是全省节能工作的主要载体。

能源生产力的分析和利用

简要阐述了能源生产力的概念，并结合能源生产力的原理，从提高能源的使用效率和降低单位产品的能耗等方面，提出提高能源生产力的建议。

最终需求视角下我国碳排放总量地区分解研究

碳排放总量控制是减排的必经之路,在我国区域差异大的背景下,分区减排又是急待解决的核心问题。从投入-产出法的核心思想——最终需求出发,优先满足公平性,其次兼顾效率性,从一个全新的角度探索碳排放总量地区分解方法,通过满足消费需求碳排放权保证代内公平、通过满足经济发展需求碳排放权保证代际公平,不仅使地区居民生活和经济发展必须的碳排放权得到满足,又从碳排放权使用效率最大化上考虑使减排的经济代价尽量减少,解决碳排放总量目标区域分解的难题,为我国从碳强度控制最终转向碳排放总量控制奠定坚实的基础。结论表明国家应从地区人口规模、经济发展水平、地区碳转移以及能源生产力的差异上分配差异化的减排考核目标,使各个地区愿意并且能够完成任务。

加快推进产业结构调整 早日实现碳达峰

近年来,我国能源利用率和能源生产力持续提升,但由于产业结构偏重,致使能源消费总量大、消费结构不合理,与发达国家相比,仍然没有摆脱高碳发展的方式。要在2030年前实现碳达峰的目标,调整产业结构,实现绿色转型,大幅减少工业部门碳排放是关键。

PERSPECTIVE OF COAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA IN THE EARLY 2000'S

According to the Researches on Coal Development Strategies in China (1991 ~ 2020),the production scale of coal in China will increase to 2100 Mt in the year 2020 and the district layout of coal development and production will be diverted from the east to the central-west step by step. In addit1on, the multi-ply runnning struc ture-mines of the nation,the local and the village and town combined with produc tion scales of the large, the middle,and the small-will be kept. However,the tech nique of mining will be improved greatly.

Ecological Footprint Dynamics of Yunnan, China

A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.

A study on the bioenergy crop production function of land use in China

Based on the analysis of the bioenergy crop production function of land use,combined with the status quo of Chinese land use,the cultivation of energy plants and the bioenergy crop production function of land use had been analyzes and discusses in this paper.Results show that there were a lot of unused lands and marginal lands which can be planted bioenergy crops to perform the bioenergy crop production function of land use with great potentials;and currently there were no food production problems.Therefore,it was very important for China to emphasize bioenergy crops planting in order to fully use land resources in our country,moderate the energy crisis and increase peasants' income.

Indicators to the Consumption of Electric Energy and Agriculture Cattle Farming Production for the Elaboration of Clusters with Cities of the State of S^o Paulo, Brazil

The issue in this matter is that rules for use of electricity in rural areas are limited to the provision of inputs. Adopting guidelines to consider managed sub regions can generate poor results. The focus of this study was to present parameters for indicators of electric energy and agricultural production to allow the formation of city groups in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, with similar electric energy consumption and rural agricultural production. The methodology was the development of indicators that characterize the electric energy consumption/agricultural production and the preparation of groups using indicators with ward of statistical method of groups. The main conclusions were the formation of six homogeneous groups with similar characteristics regarding agricultural production/consumption of electricity. The application of these groups in cities with similar characteristics would produce more satisfactory results than the division of administrative Rural Development Offices （RDO）.

Xinjiang to Be China’s Strategic Oil and Gas Base

For a long term, the spacious castern oilfields have been the “Major Battlefield”for oil and gas production in China. Xinjiang with abundant resource will have played as a strategic succeeding area. While the output of the eastern oilfields decreasing year by year and imported oil dependency rising up to 45% in China. Xinjiang has become the focus concerned by the government and the petroleum enterprises.

Evaluation of Potential Productivity of Woody Energy Crops on Marginal Land in China

Energy crops are a basic material in the bioenergy industry, and they can also mitigate carbon emissions and have environ- mental benefits when planted on marginal lands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity of energy crops on marginal lands in China. A mechanistic model, combined with energy crop and land use characteristics, and meteorological and soil parameters, was used to simulate the potential productivity of energy crops. There were three main results. 1） The total marginal land in China was determined to be 104.78 × 106 ha. The 400-mm precipitation boundary line, which is the dividing line between the semi-humid and semi-arid zones in China, also divided the marginal land into shrub land and sparse forest land in the southeast and bare land, bare rock land, and saline alkali land in the northeast. 2） The total area of the marginal land suitable for planting energy crops was determined to be 55.82 × 106 ha, with Xanthoceras sorbifolia and Cerasus humilis mainly grown in the northern China, Jatropha curcas and Comus wilsoniana mainly grown in the southwest and southeast, and Pistacia chinensis mainly grown in the central area, while also having a northeast-southwest zonal distribution. 3） Taking the highest yield in overlapping areas, the potential productivity of target energy crops was determined to be 32.63 × 106 t/yr. Without considering the overlapping areas, the potential productivity was 6.81× 106 t/yr from X. sorbifolia, 8.86× 106t/yr from C. humilis, 7.18 ×106t/yr from J. curcas, 9.55 × 106t/yr from P. chinensis, and 7.78 ×106 t/yr from C. wilsoniana.

Assessment of Electric Power Generation via Water Hyacinths and Agricultural Waste

The importance and the necessary of researches on renewable energy have become a hot topic in recent years due to climate change and global warming. In addition, the fossil fuel reserves is facing rapid depletion on the earth. Currently, most researches have concentrated on producing biogas for heating, lighting, drying, cooking but lack in researching on electricity production because the possibility of producing biogas at households are common at small scale. Studying on alternative energy sources to replace traditional fuel for electric power generation brings new chances and great opportunities for development. This study presents an assessment electric power generation via water hyacinths and agricultural waste. In this paper, the evaluation electric power is generated by operating internal combustion engines which use biogas fuel to replace traditional fuel （diesel, gasoline）. The results of the studies were demonstrated by experiments on the renewable energy production system at Hoa An Biotechnology Research and Experimental Center of Cantho University.

Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Aquaculture Processing Enerfish

The European Union Framework Programme 71 Enerfish project aims to demonstrate a new poly-generation application with renewable energy sources for the fishery industry in Vietnam. The fish processing plant under consideration can be made by energy self-sufficient when all fish waste oil is processed into biodiesel and further converted to electricity and heat （for cooling） in a CHP （combined heat and power） unit. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the profitability of such plants in southeast Asia. The economic model shows that electricity production is, due to the low electricity tariff, uneconomical （except during electricity blackout）, even if cogeneration heat can be utilized. This prompt a design of the plant whereby the necessary heat for the biodiesel process is taken from the waste heat produced by the compressors of a CO2 cooling system. According to the calculations and assumptions of the present study, the profitability of biodiesel production from fish cleaning wastes in Vietnam depends strongly on the market prices for fish waste and fish oil. Different business case scenarios are described.

The White Volta Basin, Climate Change and Food Security： Perspectives of Riparian Communities in Northern Ghana

This paper has examined how the resources of the White Volta River are enhancing food availability for riparian communities in northern Ghana despite climate change and its associated effects on food security. Using participatory methods such as focus group discussions and interviews, data was collected from households and institutions in three riparian communities. The result of the study indicates that, all things been equal, cultivation of food crops along the river bank in the rainy season gives significantly high yields as compared to yields from farms farthest from the river under rain fed agriculture. Higher organic content and moisture retention capacity of river bank soils explains the yield differential and adaptability to climate change. In addition, farmers now irrigate cereal crops which were hitherto, reserved for only rainy season production. However, inappropriate irrigation practices are accelerating erosion and sedimentation of the river and thus, threaten the sustainability of agriculture and food security in the White Volta Basin. The paper therefore, recommends the adoption of IWRM （integrated water resources management） and the participation of local communities, Government and Civil Society organisations for sustaining the productive capacity of the White Volta Basin for enabling adaptation of agriculture to climate change in the riparian communities of the basin.

Prolonged Production of L-DOPA Using Immobilized Aspergillus Terreus

The objective of this study is to improve the production of L-DOPA from fungal source like Aspergillus terreus that can be further used to large-scale commercial production of this important drug from microbial sources. L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor that can pass the blood-brain barrier, is presently the drug of choice for Parkinson＇s disease. Microbial production and isolation of L-DOPA from natural sources is yet to be achieved an economical process. In this study, the mycelial pellets ofAspergillus terreus 104 were entrapped in 2% calcium alginate and were studied for their capacity for L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine production. Results showed that the immobilized pellets produced L-DOPA to the extent of 0.74 mg·G^-1 biomass while the free pellets produced 0.8 mg·G^-1 biomass. Further, storage of immobilized pellets for 96 h at 4 ℃ resulted in the reduction of the original L-DOPA producing activity of the gel beads only 40% and that of free pellets lost completely. In order to improve the production yield, further experiments were designed. It was found that L-DOPA production could be prolonged with repeated batch wise use of immobilized mycelial pellets in calcium alginate retaining 80% of their L-DOPA producing capacity for a period of 72 h while free pellets lost completely within 24 h. Results of this kind therefore is interesting and promising for commercial scale production of L-DOPA from microbial sources.

Energy Productivity Potential Assessment of Saccharum spontaneum L. Germplasm Resources

[Objective]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources as energy plants was discussed in this paper.[Method]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources collected from the wild was assessed from the aspects of cellulose,semicellulose,lignin and crude ash contents and caloric value.[Result]The total content of cellulose and semicellulose ranged from 41.75%to 69.13%,the lignin content ranged from 2.16%to 11.75%,the crude ash content ranged from 4.79%to 9.34%and the caloric value ranged from 16.00 to 17.69 MJ/kg among the 30 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms.Compared to other plants,Saccharum spontaneum L.had higher contents of cellulose and semicellulose,a higher caloric value but lower contents of lignin and crude ash.[Conclusion]From the perspective of producing fuel ethanol with lignocellulose,Saccharum spontaneum L.has a great potential for development as an energy plant.

Pure Jatropha Oil for Power Generation on Floreana IslandlGalapagos： Four Years Experience on Engine Operation and Fuel Quality

In the small country of Ecuador, all environmental risks of the production and consumption of fossil fuels can be observed by damages through oil exploration in the amazonite rainforest and two tank ship accidents close by Galapagos Islands causing death of 10,000 marine iguanas and other species. Now Ecuador plans to replace all environmentally dangerous diesel generators from all four inhabited Galapagos Islands by a hybrid system using 100% renewable energy for electricity production. Since 2010 a hybrid system of two Jatropha oil generators with an electrical power of 69 kW （kWel） and a photovoltaic plant with an electrical peak power of 21 kW （kWpeak） is successfully providing electricity from renewable energy for inhabitants and tourists of Floreana Island. After more than 15.000 engine operation hours of each engine there is no engine defect. For fuel supply, the so-called ＂Living Fence＂ concept collecting Jatropha seeds by farmers and families from already existing 6,000 km hedges on Ecuadorian mainland was chosen to comply with highest biofuel sustainability standards. The Jatropha oil is produced in a decentralized so-called CompacTropha oil mill container following the ambitious German fuel quality standard DIN51605. Since 2010 Floreana project successfully demonstrates that it is possible to replace diesel gen sets by generators fueled with pure Jatropha oil from decentralized sustainable production.