降低锌电积工序能源费的探讨

介绍株洲冶炼厂锌电积工序能源费的组成及降低能源费的措施。重点说明降低锌电积工序能源费的关键是降低直流电费。

卡特尔法、能源法和民法对能源网络费的法律调整

由于能源供给具有高度集中性而能源网络具有不可复制性,能源经济具有自然垄断的属性。由此就会产生网络费过高的巨大风险。对于能源经济而言,能源网络费具有至关重要的作用,因为网络费决定了竞争者是否具有竞争力,从而影响到竞争的实际展开。因此,为了保障整体经济利益,能源网络费的法律调控非常必要。本文从反垄断法、能源法和民法三个方面对能源网络费的法律调控进行深入探讨。

大型酒店能源消耗合理性评价及预算控制

以实例举出国内有代表性的大型综合性酒店近三年的能源消耗和营业额现状 ;用总能源费 /总营业额的当量比值I修 作为能源消耗合理程度的评价指标统计出能耗标准对应I修 值的范围 ;指出目前能源预算控制存在的问题和正确的能源预算方法 ,实际应用效果显著。

食用菌工厂能源管理的思考

从食用菌生产经营者角度指出食用菌工厂化生产的产品生鲜属性、微生物培养的技术特点和竞争战略难以突破决定了成本控制是经营的核心。分析食用菌生产的成本构成,指出加强能源管理是节本增效的重要途径,从电费的分类和改善方式、灭菌的燃料选择和改善方法、未来能源可拓展方向(太阳能和配合蒸汽使用的溴化锂吸收式制冷机)指明食用菌工厂能源管理的具体途径。提出能源管理的基本思路为确定改善目标、划分区域、明确费用、改善实施和核算结果。

上海市人民政府办公厅关于转发市机管局制订的《上海市公共机构合同能源管理项目暂行管理办法》的通知

(2015年4月28日)沪府办发〔2015〕24号各区、县人民政府,市政府各委、办、局:市机管局制订的?上海市公共机构合同能源管理项目暂行管理办法?已经市政府同意,现转发给你们,请认真按照执行.上海市公共机构合同能源管理项目暂行管理办法第一章总则为推进公共机构采用合同能源管理方式进行节能技改,加强节能管理,提升能源利用效率,根据?公共机构节能条例??上海市公共机构节能管理办法?等,制定本办法.

大排量脉动输油的节能探讨

分析了大排量输油节能的依据,推荐了脉动输油方式,以秦皇岛—迁安和迁安—大兴的实际输油运行数据和对应的财务耗能费用为基础,计算了2006年秦京输油管道采用大排量脉动输油方式全年可节约输油能耗费7000万元左右,建议再结合峰停谷行的脉动输油方式,还可进一步节约输油能源费。

铬洗脱液回收工艺的探讨

国内用离子交换法处理含铬废水,已经多年,工艺比较成熟,在生产中,我们觉得老工艺有许多弊病,确有改革的必要。经过两年工艺改革实践,我厂铬污水处理,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。现将新旧工艺方法总结出来,供同行们商榷。老工艺有两种,一是使用氢氧化钠做再生剂,须将洗脱液脱钠处理后,回收铬酸。因Cl-、SO42-等杂质难以除净,所以不能保证回收品的质量。沈阳市大部份厂家,铬洗脱液或长期积存,或处理到规定浓度、纯度送指定厂制鞣革剂。

IRP/DSM and Sustainable Development

This paper introduces the energy consumption status in China, elaborate the affects of the unreasonable energy consumption structure on energy environment and sustainable development of economy. Simultaneously, it points out the solution, i.e., to implement integrated resources planning (IRP)/demand side management (DSM), and gives some recommendations on the way of implementing IRP/DSM.

Geographical Differences and Influencing Factors of Rural Energy Consumption in Southwest Mountain Areas in China:A Case Study of Zhaotong City

China is a mountainous country,and Southwest mountain areas cover the most mountain areas in China and have the most serious problems.Taking Zhaotong city as the study area,based on 902 rural household questionnaires of 11 villages in 2 counties and Tobit model,this paper analyzes the geographical differences and influencing factors of energy consumption for non-production purposes of rural households living in different terrain conditions.This research finds that:(1) Coal takes up the main part of energy consumption in valley areas and coal consumption is mainly affected by per capita cultivated land area,household income,proportion of rural household energy expenditure in total expenditure,coal price,and family population size.Firewood takes up the main part of energy consumption in high mountain areas and firewood consumption is mainly affected by per capita firewood forest area,distance to purchase coal,household income,electricity price,and coal price.(2) Only when the distance is greater than 20 kilometers,that is the average distance of rural households living in middle mountain areas(1,600m^1,800m) to purchase coal,the transportation condition has a significant impact on coal consumption.(3) In high mountain areas,prices of coal and electricity are the main factors influencing energy consumption choice of rural households.Too high prices of coal and electricity would to some extent lead rural households to choose firewood as the main energy consumption type.Compared to coal,rural households prefer to choose electricity.

The Factor Decomposition on Carbon Emission of China——Based on LMDI Decomposition Technology

Carbon emission is the current hot issue of global concern. How to assess various contributing factors for carbon emission is of great importance to find out the key factors and promote carbon emission reduction. In this paper, the author constructs an identical equation for carbon emission, based on the economic aggregate, the economic structure, the efficiency of energy utilization, the structure of energy consumption, and the coefficient of carbon emission; by applying to LMDI decomposition technology, the author analyzes the carbon emission of China from 1995 to 2007 at industrial level and regional level. The results show that the expansion of economic aggregate is the main reason for China' s rapidly increasing carbon emission and the increase of energy utilization efficiency is the key factor that can hold back the increase of carbon emission. In addition, the change of industrial structure or regional structure and the change of traditional energy structure have limited influence on the carbon emission, and their potentials have not yet been exploited. At the end of this paper, the author proposes the efforts that China should make to reduce carbon emission.

Estimate of China's energy carbon emissions peak and analysis on electric power carbon emissions

China＇s energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110% of its 2020 level under the following conditions： 1） China＇s gross primary energy consumption is 5 Gtce in 2020 and 6 Gtce in 2030; 2） coal＇s share of the energy consumption is 61% in 2020 and 55% in 2030; 3） non-fossil energy＇s share increases from 15% in 2020 to 20% in 2030; 4） through 2030, China＇s GDP grows at an average annual rate of 6%; 5） the annual energy consumption elasticity coefficient is 0.30 in average; and 6） the annual growth rate of energy consumption steadily reduces to within 1%. China＇s electricity generating capacity would be 1,990 GW, with 8,600 TW h of power generation output in 2020. Of that output 66% would be from coal, 5% from gas, and 29% from non-fossil energy. By 2030, electricity generating capacity would reach 3,170 GW with 11,900 TW h of power generation output. Of that output, 56% would be from coal, 6% from gas, and 37% from non-fossil energy. From 2020 to 2030, CO2 emissions from electric power would relatively fall by 0.2 Gt due to lower coal consumption, and rela- tively fall by nearly 0.3 Gt with the installation of more coal-fired cogeneration units. During 2020--2030, the portion of carbon emissions from electric power in China＇s energy consumption is projected to increase by 3.4 percentage points. Although the carbon emissions from electric power would keep increasing to 118% of the 2020 level in 2030, the electric power industry would continue to play a decisive role in achieving the goal of increase in non-fossil energy use. This study proposes countermeasures and recommendations to control carbon emissions peak, including energy system optimization, green-coal-fired electricity generation, and demand side management.

Energy Embodied in Goods in International Trade of China: Calculation and Policy Implications

In recent years, China's energy demand and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown very fast, quite an amount of which was exported as energy embodied in goods in international trade rather than consumed domestically. Starting from the concept of embodied energy, based on input-output energy analysis approach, in this paper the energy embodied in goods in international trade of China during the period from 2001 to 2006 is calculated. The results show that although China has become a net importer of petroleum since 1993, China is a net exporter of embodied energy due to international trade in goods. In 2002, the total amount of energy embodied in exported goods was about 410 million tce (ton of coal equivalent, hereinafter referred to as "tce"). Eliminating the amount of energy embodied in imported goods of about 170 million tce, the net export of embodied energy was about 240 million tce, accounting for 16% of the aggregate primary energy consumption of that very year in China, and the net export of embodied emissions was about 150 million tons of carbon. With the rapid growth of China's international trade, assuming no structural input-output changes of among sectors, in 2006 the net export of embodied energy went up to about 630 million tce, an increase of 162 % over 2002. In addition, this paper also analyzes the possible sources of error in calculation, and also discusses the policy implications according to the result of the calculation.

Balanced energy-efficient relay selection scheme in wireless mobile relay networks

In order to resolve the relay selection problem in wireless mobile relay networks （WMRNs）, a novel balanced energy-efficient mobile relay selection scheme is proposed in this paper. Compared with traditional counter-based algorithm, distance and energy consumption are considered from network respect to provide a better network lifetime performance in the proposed scheme. Also, it performs well when nodes move freely at high speed. A random assessment delay （RAD） mechanism is added to avoid collisions and improve transmission efficiency. Simulation results reveal that, the proposed scheme has advantages in prolonging network lifetime, balancing energy compared with existing counter-based scheme. consumption and reducing the total energy consumption

Residential Energy Consumption and Associated Carbon Emission in Forest Rural Area in China: A Case Study in Weichang County

Rural energy consumption in China has increased dramatically in the last decades, and has become a significant contributor of carbon emissions. Yet there is limited data on energy consumption patterns and their evolution in forest rural areas of China. In order to bridge this gap, we report the findings of field surveys in forest villages in Weichang County as a case study of rural energy consumption in northern China. We found that the residential energy consumption per household is 3313 kgce yr^-1 （kilogram standard coal equivalent per year）, with energy content of 9.7×lO7 kJ yr^-1, including 1783 kgce yr^-1 from coal, 1386 kgce yr^-1 from fuel wood, 96 kgce yr^-1 from electricity, and 49 kgce yr^-1 from LPG. Per capita consumption is 909 kgce yr^-1 and its energy content is 2.7×lO7 kJ yr^-1. Due to a total energy utilization efficiency of 24.6%, all the consumed energy can only supply about 2.4×107 kJ yr^-1 of efficient energy content. Secondly, household energy consumption is partitioned into 2614 kgce yr^-1 for heating, 616 kgce yr^-1 for cooking, and 117 kgce yr^-1 for home appliances. Thirdly, the associated carbon emissions oer household are 2556 kzC yr^-1, includinz1022 kgC yr^-1 from unutilized fuel wood （90% of the total fuel wood）. The rest of emissions come from the use of electricity （212 kgC yr^-1, coal （13Ol kgC yr^-1 and LPG （21 kgC yr^-1. Fourthly, local climate, family size and household income have strong influences on rural residential energy consumption. Changes in storage and utilization practices of fuel can lead to the lO%-30% increase in the efficiency of fuel wood use, leading to reduced energy consumption by 924 kgce yr^-1 per household （27.9% reduction） and 9Ol kgC yr^-1 of carbon emissions （35-3% reduction）.

Energy Efficiency-Based Decision Making in Cognitive Radio Networks

As a constraint for smart devices,energy consumption has attract people's attention for a long time period. How to get higher resource utilization with less energy consumption is a challenge for cognitive radio networks. Secondary users have to participate in spectrum sensing at the cost of energy and access idle spectrum without interfering primary users. However,not all participating secondary users can access idle spectrum. How to ensure the participation users access spectrum efficiently with a larger probability is an urgent problem to be solved. We propose an Energy Efficiency-based Decision Making(EEDM) for cognitive radio networks,which fully considers residual energy and probability of obtaining spectrum resources. Simulation and analysis show that the proposed scheme can maximize proportion of allocated users under the premise of ensuring the accuracy of spectrum sensing,then balance users' energy consumption and access efficiency,so as to effectively improve the utilization of spectrum resources.

Allocation of Energy Use in the Biomass-based Fuel Ethanol System and Its Use in Decision Making

The Chinese government is developing biomass ethanol as one of its automobile fuels for energy security and environmental improvement reasons. The energy efficiency of the biomass-based fuel ethanol is critical issue. To investigate the energy use in the three biomass-base ethanol fuel systems, energy content approach, Market value approach and Product displacement approach methods were used to allocate the energy use based on life cycle energy assessment. The results shows that the net energy of corn based, wheat based, and cassava-based ethanol fuel are 12543MJ, 10299MJ and 13112MJ when get one ton biomassbased ethanol, respectively, and they do produce positive net energy.

Impacts of Total Energy Consumption Control and Energy Quota Allocation on China′s Regional Economy Based on A 30-region Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper examined the impacts of the total energy consumption control policy and energy quota allocation plans on China′s regional economy. This research analyzed the influences of different energy quota allocation plans with various weights of equity and efficiency, using a dynamic computable general equilibrium(CGE) model for 30 province-level administrative regions. The results show that the efficiency-first allocation plan costs the least but widens regional income gap, whereas the outcomes of equity-first allocation plan and intensity target-based allocation plan are similar and are both opposite to the efficiency-first allocation plan′ outcome. The plan featuring a balance between efficiency and equity is more feasible, which can bring regional economic losses evenly and prevent massive interregional migration of energy-related industries. Furthermore, the effects of possible induced energy technology improvements in different energy quota allocation plans were studied. Induced energy technology improvements can add more feasibility to all allocation plans under the total energy consumption control policy. In the long term, if the policy of the total energy consumption control continues and more market-based tools are implemented to allocate energy quotas, the positive consequences of induced energy technology improvements will become much more obvious.

CDM Project Activities in China's Iron and Steel Industry:Current Status,Barriers and Development Strategies

China is now facing huge pressure from both the domestic concern of energy security and the global community's call for emission reduction commitment.As one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters,China's iron and steel industry has a huge clean development mechanism(CDM) potential.This article both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the current status of CDM project activities in the iron and steel industry in China,including characteristics of approved project types,applicable methodologies,and potential technology fields.From the perspective of project implementation,the article summarizes development barriers such as high investment risk,difficulty in project identification,strict requirements on PPDs,long registration waiting time,and etc.Policy suggestions are also put forwarded to help better promote the development of CDM projects in the iron and steel industry.

Techniques to Reduce the Energy Consumption in Building in Hot Arid Rejoin （Iraq）

The Iraqi climate is extremely hot and arid zone covers a belt between latitude （29°N to 36°N）. The energy required for air conditioning of Iraqi buildings is about 60% of the entire energy consumption in buildings. This research deals with the possibility of using different technics for the reducing energy consumption in buildings by blocking or eliminates the effect of direct solar radiation in summer season. This study deals with different local insulation materials which were added to the south face of walls surface of Iraqi buildings, as well as built water spray system upon the exterior roof surface to minimize the effect of incident solar radiation upon the roofs and wall surfaces. The results showed that thermal conductivity of local insulation materials （papyrus） are very low, also the results showed that when using water spray roof system, gives good indication to use this method in hot arid rejoins.

A paradigm-based evolution of chemical engineering

A short presentation of chemical engineering evolution,as guided by its paradigms,is exposed.The first paradigm–unit operations–has emerged as a necessity of systematization due to the explosion of chemical industrial applications at the end of 19th century.The birth in the late 1950s of the second paradigm–transport phenomena–was the consequence of the need for a deep,scienti fic knowledge of the phenomena that explain what happens inside of unit operations.In the second part of 20th century,the importance of chemical product properties and qualities has become essentially in the market fights.Accordingly,it was required with additional and even new fundamental approaches,and product engineering was recognized as the third paradigm.Nowadays chemical industry,as a huge materials and energy consumer,and with a strong ecological impact,couldn't remain outside of sustainability requirements.The basics of the fourth paradigm–sustainable chemical engineering–are now formulated.