Maintenance and development of the Ural high and its contribution to severe cold wave activities in winter 2020/21

Two successive severe cold waves invaded eastern China from the end of 2020 to early 2021,leading to an extensive,severe,and persistent drop in temperature.The paper investigates the features and formation mechanisms of the two cold waves.The main results are as follows:(1)An anticlockwise turning of the transverse trough was observed in both cold waves.However,a broad ridge was maintained over the Ural area from mid-December 2020 till mid-January 2021.No breakdown or discontinuous westward shift of the blocking high was observed,which is different from typical cold waves in eastern Asia.(2)The maintenance and strengthening of northerly winds in front of the Ural high led to an increase in baroclinicity in-situ.In the downstream region,the gradient of the geopotential height contour in the south of the transverse trough rapidly increased and the advection of cold temperature consistently enhanced and advanced southwards.This in turn caused the intensification and southward expansion of the Siberian high.(3)Energy propagation of the quasi-stationary wave was a reason for the development and persistence of the Ural blocking.Prior to the occurrence of the two cold waves,the energy of the low-frequency stationary wave originating from near 0°E(or even to the west)propagated eastwards,which helped the Ural ridge intensify and maintain.Meanwhile,it also contributed to the development of the trough downstream of the ridge and resulted in the anticlockwise turning of the transverse trough,providing a favorable condition for the southward outbreak of cold air.

FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL RECOVERY OF INJURED SPINAL CORD FOLLOWING DELAYED X-IRRADIATION IN RATS

Objective To test the hypothesis that delayed X-irradiation can enhance the functional and structural recovery of the injured spinal cord in rats. Methods Seventy Sprague-Dawley rots were randomly divided into two groups, 35 rats in each. The control group sustained a one-minute clip compression （ force of clip was 30 g） injury of the spinal cord at the T2 level, without X-irradiation. The experimental group received X-irradiation 14 days after injury. Neurological function was assessed by the modified Tarlov method, including hind limbs movement, inclined plane, and pain withdrawal. These tests were performed in a blinded fashion at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after injury. At 43 days after injury, histological examination of the injured spinal cord was performed following decapitation of the rats. Results Sixty-two rats met the experimental requirements （spinal cord injury was similar）, 32 rats in experimental group and 30 rats in control group. Statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in hind limbs movement and inclined plane （ P 〈0. 01 ）, but not in the pain withdrawal test. The edema and necrosis areas of injured spinal cords in experimental group were less than those in control group, and axons in experimental group were significantly more than those in control group （P 〈0.01）. Conclusion Delayed X-irradiation following spinal cord injury may enhance functional recovery by improving and restoring structural integrity of the injured spinal cord in rats.

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease

Exciting new features have been described concerning neurogenic bowel dysfunction,including interactions between the central nervous system,the enteric nervous system,axonal injury,neuronal loss,neurotransmission of noxious and non-noxious stimuli,and the fields of gastroenterology and neurology.Patients with spinal cord injury,myelomeningocele,multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease present with serious upper and lower bowel dysfunctions characterized by constipation,incontinence,gastrointestinal motor dysfunction and altered visceral sensitivity.Spinal cord injury is associated with severe autonomic dysfunction,and bowel dysfunction is a major physical and psychological burden for these patients.An adult myelomeningocele patient commonly has multiple problems reflecting the multisystemic nature of the disease.Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder in which axonal injury,neuronal loss,and atrophy of the central nervous system can lead to permanent neurological damage and clinical disability.Parkinson's disease is a multisystem disorder involving dopaminergic,noradrenergic,serotoninergic and cholinergic systems,characterizedby motor and non-motor symptoms.Parkinson's disease affects several neuronal structures outside the substantia nigra,among which is the enteric nervous system.Recent reports have shown that the lesions in the enteric nervous system occur in very early stages of the disease,even before the involvement of the central nervous system.This has led to the postulation that the enteric nervous system could be critical in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease,as it could represent the point of entry for a putative environmental factor to initiate the pathological process.This review covers the data related to the etiology,epidemiology,clinical expression,pathophysiology,genetic aspects,gastrointestinal motor dysfunction,visceral sensitivity,management,prevention and prognosis of neurogenic bowel dysfunction patients with these neurological diseases.Embryological,morphological and experimental studies on animal models and humans are also taken into account.

Xinfeng capsule improves pulmonary function in ankylosing spondylitis patients via NF-κB-iNOS-NO signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in the nuclear factor-κB p65(NF-κB p65)-inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS)-nitric oxide(NO) signaling pathway and the effects of Xinfeng capsules(XFC) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)METHODS: One hundred twenty patients with AS were randomly divided into an XFC group and a Salazopyrin group. Sixty health subjects were included as a normal control group. In the two treatment groups, pulmonary functional parameters,forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1), maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV), peak expiratory flow(PEF), forced expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity(FEF25),forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity(FEF50), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity(FEF75) were determined. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used for detection of the serum oxidative stress indexes,NF-κB p65, i NOS, NO, reactive oxygen species(ROS), reactive nitrogen species(RNS), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), total antioxidative capacity(TAOC) and interleukin-4(IL-4), IL-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) contents. Westergren's method was used for determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein(Hs-CRP) was detected with a 7060 full-automatic biochemical analyzer(Hitachi, Japan).RESULTS: The clinical therapeutic effect in the XFC group was significantly superior to that in the Salazopyrin group(P<0.01). Compared with the normal control group, FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, FEF75, SOD, CAT,TAOC, IL-4, IL-10 were significantly lower, and NF-κB p65, i NOS, NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, ESR,and Hs-CRP significantly higher in patients with AS(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, FEF75, SOD, CAT, TAOC,IL-4, and IL-10 were significantly increased, and NF-κB p65, i NOS, NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α,ESR, CRP, visual analog scales(VAS), Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease active index, Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index, and Bath ankylosing spondylitis global index significantly decreased in the two treatment groups after treatment(P<0.01 or P<0.05), with significant differences between the XFC and Salazopyrin groups(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, and FEF75 were positively correlated with SOD, CAT, TAOC, IL-4, and IL-10, and were negatively correlated with NF-κB p65, i NOS,NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, ESR, and CRP.CONCLUSION: Patients with AS have local pathologic changes in the spinal cord and other joints.They also have decreased pulmonary function,which is negatively correlated with the NF-κB-i NOS-NO signaling pathway, oxidative indexes, and inflammatory factors. XFC improves rigidity and pain in spinal joints and other symptoms, laboratory indexes, and pulmonary function. The mechanism is possibly related to inhibition of the NF-κB-i NOS-NO signaling pathway.

Functional recovery of the spinal cord following ischemia and reperfusion injury

Objective: To study the changes of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ]i), and the protective effect of EAAs receptor antagonists in the tissues of rabbit lumbar spinal cord after 40 minues ischemia and 4 hours reperfusion. Methods: Thirty healthy rabbits were divided into six groups: sham operation, 40 minues ischemia,4 hour reperfusion, ketamine and MgSO 4 treatment, ketamine treatment, and saline treatment groups. The contents of EAAs (glutamate and aspartate) and [Ca 2+ ] i were measured. Results: The contents of glutamate and aspartate were decreased to 15.18 μmol/g± 2.33 μmol/g and 9.99 μmol/g ± 0.69 μmol/g, respectively; 13.75 μmol/g± 2.58 μmol/g and 6.49 μmol/g± 1.39 umol/g after reperfusion. In the ischemia group, the [Ca 2+ ]i was elevated to 221.2 μg/g ± 4.27 μg/g, and elevated further to 298.3 μg/g± 9.26 μg/g after reperfusion, being significantly higher than that of ischemia and control groups. Ketamine could obviously increase the level of glutamate and aspartate and decrease the level of [Ca 2+ ]i during the ischemia and reperfusion injury. Conclusions: The excitotoxicity of EAAs and the overload of calcium induced by EAAs play a harmful role in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Ketamine has an effective inhibitory effect.

Influence of S3 electrical stimulation on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rabbits

Objective：To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation to sacral spinal nerve 3 （S3 stimulation） on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury （SCI）.Methods：Six rabbits were taken as normal controls to record their gastrointestinal multipoint biological discharge,colon pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex.Electrodes were implanted into S3 in another 18 rabbits.Then the model of SCI was conducted following Fehling＇s method：the rabbit S3 was clamped to induce transverse injury,which was claimed by both somatosensory evoked potential and motion evoked potential.Two hours after SCI,S3 stimulation was conducted.The 18 rabbits were subdivided into 3 groups to respectively record their gastrointestinal electric activities （n=6）,colon pressure （n=6）,and rectum pressure （n=6）.Firstly the wave frequency was fixed at 15 Hz and pulse width at 400 μs and three stimulus intensities （6 V,8 V,10 V） were tested.Then the voltage was fixed at 6 V and the pulse width changed from 200 μs,400 μs to 600 μs.The response was recorded and analyzed.The condition of defecation was also investigated.Results：After SCI,the mainly demonstrated change was dyskinesia of the single haustrum and distal colon.The rectoanal inhibitory reflex almost disappeared.S3 stimulation partly recovered the intestinal movement after denervation,promoting defecation.The proper stimulus parameters were 15 Hz,400 μs,6 V,10 s with 20 s intervals and 10 min with 10 min intervals,total 2 h.Conclusion：S3 stimulation is able to restore the intestinal movement after denervation （especially single haustrum and distal colon）,which promotes defecation.

Loss of stat3 function leads to spine malformation and immune disorder in zebrafish

STAT （Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription） gene family members have been revealed to be involved in cell growth and differentiation in vertebrates. Despite their physiological importance, their functions are poorly studied at organ and systemic levels. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis using data from invertebrates to vertebrates to identify STAT genes and analyze their evolutionary history. Interestingly, the STAT gene family undergoes genome duplications during the evolutionary history with STAT3 homologues firstly appearing in the basal extant vertebrate, sea lamprey, suggesting its possible roles in spine formation. To investigate the functions of stat3 in fish species, TALEN technology was performed to generate mutant zebrafish lines, star3 mutant zebrafish showed no obvious defects at early developmental stage but displayed severe lateral and vertical curvature of the spine （scoliosis）, spine fracture and the incomplete bone joints with narrower junction between vertebrae at early juvenile stage, as indicated by Alizarin red and Alcian blue staining, radiography and micro-computed tomography （MicroCT） analysis. Transcriptome analysis reveals dramatic alterations in a number of genes involved in immune and infection response, skeletal development and somatic growth, especially downregulated expression of collagen gene family, in the juvenile stat3 mutant zebrafish. Moreover, most of the collagen genes were detected to have abnormal expression pattern during the formation of spine deformities in stat3 mutants. Our data reveal that stat3 is specially expressed in vertebrates and required for normal spine development and immune function in zebrafish.

Functional study of hyperpolarization activated channel (I_h) in Drosophila behavior

Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated and cation-nonselective ion channels （lh channels, or HCN channels） are known to play important roles in mammals. Their physiological functions in invertebrate remain largely unclear. Here, we re- port our studies with lh channel in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila lh channel mutants are found with several defects by behavioral analyses. Their lifespan is reduced, and their chemical sensitivity is shifted. In addition, their length of sleep at light-dark condition is mildly reduced. We generated transgenic flies of lh promoter-driven Gal4 and examined its expression pattern in both larvae and adult flies. Our results suggest that Ih channel may play diverse roles in Drosophila and provide a basis to further expand our understanding of Drosophila Ih channel function in vivo.

Anorectal functions in patients with lumbosacral spinal cord injury

To investigate the anorectal status in patients with lumbosacral spinal cord injury （SCI）. Methods： Twenty six patients （23 males, 3 females） with lumbosacral SCI and 13 normal volunteers were enrolled into this study as controls. The median age was 43.7 years （ranging 17-68 years） and the median time of patients since injury was 59.1 months （ ranging 8 months-15 years）. They were diagnosed as complete lumbosacral SCI （n=2, American Spinal Injury Association （ASIA） score A）, or incomplete lumbosacral SCI （n =24, ASIA score B- D） with mixed symptoms of constipation and/or fecal incontinence, and were studied by anorectal manometry. None of the patients had any medical treatments for neurogenic bowel prior to this study. Results： The maximum anal resting pressure in lumbosacral SCI patients group was slightly lower than that in control group （ One-way ANOVA： P = 0. 939 ）. During defecatory maneuvers, 23 of 26 （ 88. 5 %） patients with lumbosacral SCI and I of 13 （ 7. 7 % ） in the control group showed pelvic floor dysfunction （PFD） （Fisher＇ s exact test： P〈0.0001）. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex （RAIR） was identified in both patients with lumbosacral SCI and the controls. The rectal volume for sustained relaxation of the anal sphincter tone in lumbosacral SCI patients group was significantly higher than that in the control group （Independent-Samples t test： P〈0.0001）. The mean rectal volume to generate the first sensation was 92.7 ml ± 57.1 mi in SCI patients, 41. S ml ± 13.4 ml in the control group （ Independent-Samples t test： P 〈0.0001 ）. Conclusions： Most of the patients with lumbosacral SCI show PFD during defecatory maneuvers and their rectal sensation functions are severely damaged. Some patients exhibit abnormal cough reflex. Anorectai manometry may be helpful to find the unidentified supraconal lesions. RAIR may be modulated by central nervous system （CNS）.

Regulatory effect of mild moxibustion on P2X3 receptors in spinal cord,anterior cingulate cortex and thalamic ventral posterolateral nucleus of rats with IBS visceral hyperalgesia

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of mild moxibustion on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)visceral hyperalgesia model rats and its regulatory effect on P2X3 receptors in the spinal cord,anterior cingutate cortex(ACC)and thalamic ventral posterolateral nucleus(VPL).Methods Thirty 8-day-old newborn rats were randomly divided into a normal group(n=6)and a modeling group(n=24)according to the completely random number table method.Rats in the normal group were bred routinely,and those in the modeling group were subjected to preparing IBS chronic visceral hyperalgesia model using colorectal distention(CRD)in stimulation method.Rats successfully modelled were re-divided into a model group,a mild moxibustion group,a P2X3 receptor antagonist group,and a normal saline group according to the completely random number table method with 6 rats in each group.Rats in each group received corresponding interventions from the 37-day old,once a day for 7 consecutive days.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays were used to detect P2X3 protein expressions in the spinal cord,ACC and VPL of rats.Results Under different intensities of CRD stimulation,the abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR)scores of the model group were significantly increased versus the normal group(all P<0.05);the AWR scores of the mild moxibustion group and the P2X3 receptor antagonist group were significantly reduced versus the model group(all P<0.01).The P2X3 protein expressions in rat spinal cord,ACC and VPL tissues of the model group were significantly increased versus the normal group(all P<0.01);the P2X3 protein expressions in rat spinal cord,ACC and VPL tissues of the mild moxibustion group and the P2X3 receptor antagonist group were significantly reduced versus the model group(all P<0.01).Conclusion Mild moxibustion can inhibit the P2X3 receptor expressions in the spinal cord,ACC,and VPL tissues of IBS visceral hyperalgesia model rats,which may be the mechanism of mild moxibustion in relieving the central sensitization of rats with IBS visceral hyperalgesia.

Reconstruction of nerve root sheaths for sacral extradural spinal meningeal cysts with spinal nerve root fibers

This study analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of sacral extradural spinal meningeal cysts with spinal nerve root fibers treated by reconstruction of the nerve root sheaths.The relationships between the cysts and spinal nerve root fibers were examined microscopically,the cysts were partially excised,and the defects were oversewn to reconstruct the nerve root sheaths.The Improved Japanese Orthopedic Association(IJOA)scoring system was used to evaluate preoperative and postoperative neurological function.Thirty-eight patients were included in this study,with a mean age of 41.4±15.57 years.The mean IJOA score was 18.8±1.32 preoperatively and 19.6±0.65 postoperatively,which was a significant difference(t=–3.77,P=0.001).These results indicate a significant improvement in neurological function after surgery.The most significant improvement in neurological function was sensation(z=–2.86,P=0.004),followed by bowel/bladder function(z=–2.31,P=0.02).

Governor vessel-unblocking and mind-regulating acupuncture therapy for sensory and motor dysfunction after spinal cord injury

Objective： To observe the difference in clinical efficacy between governor vessel-unblocking and mind- regulating acupuncture therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy and simply conventional rehabilitation therapy for sensory and motor dysfunction of patients with spinal cord injury. Methods： Forty patients with spinal cord injury （SCI） were randomly assigned into rehabilitation combined with acupuncture group （group A） and rehabilitation group （group B）, with 20 patients in each group. In group A, governor vessel-unblocking and mind-regulating acupuncture therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy was adopted, and Baihui（百会 GV 20）, Fengffu （风府GV 16）, Dazhui （大椎GV 14）, Zhiyang （至阳GV 9）, Mingmen （命门 GV 4） and Yfioyangguan （腰阳关 GV 3） were adopted as the main acupoints. Conventional rehabilitation therapy was also applied, including the rehabilitation training of joint, motion, respiration, urinary bladder and intestinal tract. In group B, conventional rehabilitation therapy was adopted as same as the group A. Treatment in the two groups was conducted for once a day, 6 times a week, and 12 weeks in total. ASIA motor score （MS）, ASIA sensory score （SS） and activity of daily living （ADL） score of patients in the two groups were observed before and after the treatment. Results： Before treatment, the differences in MS, SS and ADL score of patients in the two groups were not statistically significant （all P 〉 0.05）, and the results were comparable. After treatment, MS, SS and ADL score of patients in the two groups were all higher than that before the treatment （all P 〈 0.05）, and MS, SS and ADL score of the patients in group A were all higher than that in group B （all P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The curative effect of governor vessel-unblocking and mind-regulating acupuncture therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy was superior to that of simply conventional rehabilitation therapy in the treatment of sensory and motor dysfunction of the patients with SCI.

Use of a self-designed bladder controller for restoring bladder function in paraplegic dogs

Objective: To evaluate the results of a self-designed bladder controller for restoring micturition function in paraplegic dogs.Methods: The spinal cords of 4 dogs were transected above the cone. Electrodes were implanted in S2 bilaterally and connected to the subcutaneous receivers for external activation. Microsurgical technique was employed to perform dorsal rhizotomy of S1-3 intradurally. The dogs were stimulated daily to observe micturition. Urodynamic testing and vesicography were performed. Results: All the dogs acquired micturition under the control of electric stimulation, with urine volume 80-140 ml per time. The mode of micturition was post-stimulus voiding. Vesicography revealed that the bladder was filled well and the bladder neck was open in the micturition course of electric stimulation. Residual urine volume was 15-20 ml. Urodynamic testing found that the bladder pressure and intraurethral pressure increased simultaneously, but when the intraurethral pressure was greater than the bladder pressure, no micturition occurred. The pressure decreased to baseline rapidly and the bladder pressure decreased slowly between two bursts. Micturition occurred when the bladder pressure was greater than the intraurethral pressure.Conclusions: The self-designed bladder controller together with a sacral deafferentation procedure can restore micturition function of paraplegic dogs.

An evolutionary perspective on conflict and compensation in physiological and functional traits

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.

Effect of puerarin on neural function and histopathological damages after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

Objective: To investigate the effect of puerarin on the neural function and the histopathological changes after ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. Methods: Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups as follows: puerarin group (n=10) receiving intravenous infusion of 30 mg/kg puerarin for 10 minutes, control group (n=10) receiving intravenous infusion of the same volume of normal saline as puerarin for 10 minutes, and sham operation group (n=10) undergoing only the surgical exposure of the abdominal aorta. Temporary spinal cord ischemia was induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion for 20 minutes and followed by reperfusion. The neural status was scored with the Tarlov criteria at 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion. All the animals were killed at 48 hours after reperfusion and the spinal cords (L 5) were removed immediately for histopathological study. Results: The neural function scores at 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion were higher in the puerarin group and sham operation group than those in the control group (P< 0.05). More normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord were present in the puerarin group and sham operation group than those in the control group (P< 0.01). There was a strong correlation between the final neural function scores and the number of normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord (r= 0.839, P< 0.01). Conclusions: Puerarin can significantly ameliorate the neural function and the histopathological damages after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.

Using zebrafish as the model organism to understand organ regeneration

The limited regenerative capacity of several organs, such as central nervous system(CNS), heart and limb in mammals makes related major diseases quite difficult to recover. Therefore, dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organ regeneration is of great scientific and clinical interests. Tremendous progression has already been made after extensive investigations using several model organisms for decades. Unfortunately, distance to the final achievement of the goal still remains. Recently, zebrafish became a popular model organism for the deep understanding of regeneration based on its powerful regenerative capacity, in particular the organs that are limitedly regenerated in mammals. Additionally, zebrafish are endowed with other advantages good for the study of organ regeneration. This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of zebrafish organ regeneration, in particular regeneration of fin, heart, CNS, and liver as the representatives. We also discuss reasons of the reduced regenerative capacity in higher vertebrate, the roles of inflammation during regeneration, and the difference between organogenesis and regeneration.

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective： To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis （AS） and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods： Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D according to Frankel＇s score. There were 15 cases of Grade III dislocation and 3 cases of Grade II. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach. Results： There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-anterior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neurological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a longterm complication in follow-up. Conclusions： The study suggests that anterior combined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.

苏联物资技术供应计划专家报告物资技术供应计划执行情况的统计和监督

检查既定计划的执行情况,在计划经济中具有极大的意义.检查计划执行情况的意义,是从计划工作在社会主义经济中所起的作用产生的.因为社会主义的客观的经济法则是由社会主义国家有意识地业实现的,所以计划不可能自流地去完成.计划是在有系统地统计和监督它的执行情况的基础上,通过有组织的领导来实现的.

四川省人民政府统计局——关于内江专署农业统计会议的通报

内江专署农业统计会议是从八月二十四号开始的,进行了六天;着重地交流了农业统计调查的经验,研究了大春作物的预报,会议是比较成功的.特通报如下:(一)内江专区的统计工作是有一定成绩的.在机构建立上,除县差十人、区缺三人外,均已配齐.在县的五十一人中有三人、区的一百零一人中有四十八人是群众外,余均为党团员,且百分之七十都是初中以上的文化程度.