美国体适能运动发展的价值取向与借鉴

为澄清当前我国部分学者对体适能问题及研究价值的异议与认识偏差,为我国的体适能研究寻求更好的突破口与发展方向。本文运用文文献分析方法,从社会历史与体育文化发展的角度,对美国体适能运动的发展历程与价值取向加以考查。通过对不同时期美国体适能运动发生、发展的社会历史动因的分析发现：（1）美国体适能研究者不但追寻体适能的健身与健康教育价值,而且更加重视身体运动背后所蕴涵的精神价值与社会学意义。（2）美国体适能研究的重点至始至终放在青少年人群的健康教育方面,因此体适能测试指标与评价标准的建立始终与学校体育课程内容的改革紧密结合在一起,并多次加以修订。（3）不同人群体适能测试指标与标准不同。从青少年到成年至老年,从健康人群扩展到疾病患者。由于研究目标的细化与分类,给体适能运动的推广与发展注入了新的生机与活力。

体适能运动对少儿心理健康发展的理论与实践

儿童在早期教育和发展的过程中,体能的锻炼也是很重要的。因此为了能够使学生在发展的过程中得到全身心的提升,那么在体能的锻炼教学上,我们也需要对其进行加强。儿童在早期的教育阶段,心理发展相对来说比较单纯,对外界事物的判别能力是比较差的,所以增强孩子们适能的运动不仅可以培养孩子们在体能上的练习,而且还能够促进他们心理健康的发展。本篇论文的撰写主要是根据体适能运动对少儿心理健康发展人生的影响进行分析和研究,根据研究的内容,引导孩子们通过体适能的运动促进他们在生活中健康的成长,并且实现提高孩子们心智水平的主要目的,为促进孩子们心理健康发展打下坚实的基础。孩子们在发育的过程中,无论是任何方面的发展,都是需要重视的。因为任何发展如果进行正确的引导,那么就能对孩子的全面发展起到积极作用,所以在体适能运动的教学上,以及体适能运动教学带来的好处,都通过本篇文章论述的内容进行表达,让学生通过体适能的运动促进健康人格的形成。

福建省体育运动学校办学现状调查研究

运用文献资料调研、问卷调查等方法,对福建省体育运动学校办学现状进行了研究。结果表明:受市场经济的影响,福建省体育运动学校生源质量呈下降趋势,教练员队伍较为稳定,体校的训练设施与文化教学条件较为优越,但运动训练的科学化水平不高。各级政府应加大对体校的财政投入,体校应采取多渠道办学形式广泛吸引生源,理顺人才培养过程中的利益机制,以提高竞技体育后备人才的培养效益。

对游泳运动员陆上体能训练的探讨

近几年来,对于游泳运动员而言,陆上体能训练是其体能训练的重要组成部分之一,因此系统、合理的陆上体能训练可以有效提升游泳运动员的身体素质和运动能力,进而可为水中所需专项身体素质的强化奠定坚实基础。随着运动训练理论、思维的更新与优化,大量游泳运动员的潜能也在被不断的挖掘,由此强化了个人的运动能力,不断刷新个人的成绩和记录。但仅仅依靠水上的训练模式已无法满足当前不断增强运动成绩的需求。而陆地体能训练对游泳训练所起到的作用越来越受到重视。基于此,以下笔者将首先论述游泳运动员进行陆上体能训练的重要性、特征、方式、注意事项等,希望可帮助相关领域与人员找出陆上开展体能训练的规律,为实现游泳运动员身体素养、体能、运动成绩的提高奠定前期保障。

幼儿体适能运动馆连锁经营现状及发展对策研究

运用访谈法、文献资料法等对幼儿体适能运动馆连锁经营现状进行研究,面对当前幼儿体适能运动馆在师资、管理等方面存在的问题,结合国家政策支持、市场需求增多等发展机遇,从政府和培训机构等方面提出应加强立法,规范幼儿体育培训市场;依据幼儿发展规律,科学规划课程内容;推动校企合作,培养专业教练人才;提高连锁经营管理能力,实现专业化、差异化管理等对策,以推动我国幼儿体适能运动馆规范、高效率发展。

Alignment Techniques in Total Knee Arthroplasty:Where do We Stand Today?

Achieving optimal alignment in total knee arthroplasty(TKA) is a critical factor in ensuring optimal outcomes and long-term implant survival. Traditionally, mechanical alignment has been favored to achieve neutral postoperative joint alignment. However, contemporary approaches, such as kinematic alignments and hybrid techniques including adjusted mechanical, restricted kinematic, inverse kinematic, and functional alignments, are gaining attention for their ability to restore native joint kinematics and anatomical alignment, potentially leading to enhanced functional outcomes and greater patient satisfaction. The ongoing debate on optimal alignment strategies considers the following factors: long-term implant durability, functional improvement, and resolution of individual anatomical variations. Furthermore, advancements of computer-navigated and robotic-assisted surgery have augmented the precision in implant positioning and objective measurements of soft tissue balance. Despite ongoing debates on balancing implant longevity and functional outcomes, there is an increasing advocacy for personalized alignment strategies that are tailored to individual anatomical variations. This review evaluates the spectrum of various alignment techniques in TKA, including mechanical alignment, patient-specific kinematic approaches, and emerging hybrid methods. Each technique is scrutinized based on its fundamental principles, procedural techniques, inherent advantages, and potential limitations, while identifying significant clinical gaps that underscore the need for further investigation.

寻求适宜学生的体育教育

体育课教学一直偏重于“技术”与“达标” ,忽视了学生的人格、智能和身心的协调发展。本文以人的本质为前提 ,以教育与人、体育与人的关系为出发点 ,站在学生的立场上寻求适合学生的体育教学内容、方法和手段。本文分三部分作了论述 :一、低耗能运动 ;二、自由活动时间 ;三。

体育锻炼与青少年体质

运用文献资料法和观察法,对近年来我国对青少年体育锻炼对体质影响的实验研究进行归类和比较分析,以求找到研究中的不足之处并提出未来的研究方向。研究表明近年来我国在青少年体育锻炼对体质影响的研究中实验手段和方法单一,没有根据青少年身心特点安排运动处方;缺少饮食和心理等综合手段的干预。

Data synchronization in IMU/GPS integrated measurement system of vehicle motion parameters

To realize the data synchronization between the inertial measurement unit （IMU） and the global positioning system （GPS）, the synchronization technology in the IMU/GPS integrated measurement system of vehicle motion parameters is studied. According to the characteristics of the output signals of the IMU and the GPS, without the IMU synchronization signal, the synchronization circuit based on CPLD is designed and developed, which need not alter the configurations of the IMU and GPS. Experiments of measuring vehicle motion parameters, which rely on the synchronization circuit to realize IMU/GPS data synchronization, are made. The driving routes in experiments comprise a curve and a straight line. Experimental results show that the designed circuit can accurately measure the synchronization time difference and the IMU period, and can effectively solve the data synchronization in IMU/GPS integration. Furthermore, the IMU/GPS integrated measurement system based on the synchronization circuit can measure and calculate many vehicle motion parameters in high frequency mode.

MOTOR CORTEX NETWORKS IN STROKE PATIENTS DURING RECOVERY WITH fMRI

To investigate changes of functional activation areas of the cerebral cortex and the connectivity of motor cortex networks （MCNs） in stroke patients during the recovery, five patients with the infarct in their left hemispheres are recruited. Functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） is performed in the second, fourth, eighth, and sixteenth weeks after the stroke. Images are analyzed using the professional software SPM5 to obtain the bilateral activation of the motor cortex in left and right handgrip tests. MCN data are extracted from the active areas, and the structural and functional characteristic parameters are computed to indicate the connectivity of the network. Results show that the ipsilesional hemisphere recruits more areas with less active extent during the handgrip test, compared with the contralesional hemisphere. MCN shows a higher overall degree of statistical independence and more statistical dependence among motor areas with the gradual recovery. It can help physicians understand the recovery mechanism.

Recent Study of Drag Embedment Plate Anchors in China

Experimental and theoretical studies of drag embedment plate anchors recently carried out in Tianjin University are summarized in this research paper, which involve a series of important topics relevant to the study of drag anchors. The techniques for measuring the trajectory and movement direction of drag anchors in soils, the techniques for measuring the moving embedment point and reverse eatenary shape of the embedded drag line, the penetration mechanism and kinematic behavior of drag anchors, the ultimate embedment depth of drag anchors, the movement direction of the anchor with an arbitrary fluke section, the reverse catenary properties of the embedded drag line, the interaetional properties between drag anchor and installation line, the kinematic model of drag anchors in seabed soils, and the analytical method for predicting the anchor trajectory in soils will all be examined. The present work remarkably reduces the uncertainties in design and analysis of drag embedment plate anchors, and is beneficial to improving the application of this new type of drag anchor in offshore engineering.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) as a potential mechanism of the effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance

The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.

Acute exercise is associated with specific executive functions in college students with ADHD:A preliminary study

Purpose： The relationship between acute exercise and executive functions in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） has not been clearly established. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the difference in cognitive performance between college students with and without ADHD and to explore the effects of acute exercise on multiple aspects of executive functions and on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）. Methods： College students （normal： n = 10; ADHD： n = 10） performed the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span Test prior to and after an acute exercise intervention. Blood samples were obtained prior to the pre-test cognitive test performance and then again after exercise and prior to the post-test cognitive test performance. Results： Students with ADHD exhibited impaired executive functions, particularly on inhibition. Additionally, while acute exercise improved all aspects of executive functions in those without ADHD, acute exercise only improved inhibitory performance for those with ADHD. Further, BDNF was not influenced by acute exercise regardless of the subjects＇ ADHD status. Conclusion： These results provide preliminary evidence for exercise as a potential adjunct treatment for benefitting inhibition in college students with ADHD.

Effects of core and non-dominant arm strength training on drive distance in elite golfers

Background： Various training schemes have sought to improve golf-related athletic ability. In the golf swing motion, the muscle strengths of the core and arms play important roles, where a difference typically exists in the power of arm muscles between the dominant and non- dominant sides. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of exercises strengthening the core and non-dominant arm muscles of elite golf players （handicap 〈 3） on the increase in drive distance, and to present a corresponding training scheme aimed at improving golf performance ability. Methods： Sixty elite golfers were randomized into the control group （CG, n = 20）, core exercise group （CEG, n = 20）, and group receiving a combination of muscle strengthening exercises of the non-dominant arm and the core （NCEG, n = 20）. The 3 groups conducted the corresponding exercises for 8 weeks, after which the changes in drive distances and isokinetic strength were measured. Results： Significant differences in the overall improvement of drive distance were observed among the groups （p 〈 0.001）. Enhancement of the drive distance of NCEG was greater than both CG （p 〈 0.001） and CEG （p = 0.001）. Except for trunk flexion, all variables of the measurements of isokinetic strength for NCEG also showed the highest values compared to the other groups. Examination of the correlation between drive distance and isokinetic strength revealed significant correlations of all variables except trunk flexion, wrist extension, and elbow extension. Conclusion： The combination of core and non-dominant arm strength exercises can provide a more effective specialized training program than core alone training for golfers to increase their drive distances.

Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise therapy in the elderly： Should we invest in the aged？

Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated physical deconditioning after a cardiovascular event,especially compared to their younger counterparts.The last few decades were privy to multiple studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation （CR） and exercise therapy on mortality,exercise capacity,psychological risk factors,inflammation,and obesity among patients with CHD.Unfortunately,a significant portion of the available data in this field pertains to younger patients.A viable explanation is that older patients are grossly underrepresented in these programs for multiple reasons starting with the patient and extending to the physician.In this article,we will review the benefits of CR programs among the elderly,as well as some of the barriers that hinder their participation.

Comparison of locomotor behaviour between white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Franois' langurs T. franoisi in Fusui,China

We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .

Is there an acute exercise-induced physiological/biochemical threshold which triggers increased speed of cognitive functioning? A meta-analytic investigation

Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods： We compared mean effect sizes for threshold studies and for those studies where exercise intensity was classed as moderate （40%-- 79% VO2 or equivalent） but in which the thresholds were not measured. Results： Random effects meta-analysis showed significant, moderate, mean effect sizes for studies at the threshold （g = 0.58, Z = 2.98, p 〈 0.003） and for those during moderate intensity exercise but in which the threshold was not measured （ g = 0.54, Z = 5.0l, p 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes, which suggests that the thresholds are unlikely to represent a trigger point. Conclusion： Moderate intensity exercise, even below the thresholds, can induce improved speed of cognition, possibly due to a combination of increased peripheral catecholamine concentrations inducing vagal/nucleus tractus solitarii pathway activation and central increases due to perceptions of stress.

Effects of a flexible net barrier on the dynamic behaviours and interception of debris flows in mountainous areas

Flexible net barriers are a new type of effective mitigation measure against debris flows in valleys and can affect the kinematic energy and mass of debris flows. Here, ten flume tests were performed to study the dynamic behaviours of debris flows with differences in volumes, concentrations(solid volume fraction), and travel distances after interception by a uniform flexible net barrier. A high-speed camera was used to monitor the whole test process, and their dynamic behaviours were recorded. A preliminary computational framework on energy conversion is proposed according to the deposition mechanisms and outflow of debris flow under the effects of the flexible net barrier. The experimental results show that the dynamic interaction process between a debris flow and the flexible net barrier can be divided into two stages:(a) the two-phase impact of the leading edge of the debris flow with the net and(b) collision and friction between the body of the debris flow and intercepted debris material. The approach velocity of a debris flow decreases sharply(a maximum of 63%) after the interception by the net barrier, and the mass ratio of the debris material being intercepted and the kinetic energy ratio of the debris material being absorbed by the net barrier are close due to the limited interception efficiency of the flexible net barrier, which is believed to be related to the flexibility. The energy ratio of outflow is relative small despite the large permeability of the flexible net barrier.

Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment(CAMSA):Validity, objectivity, and reliability evidence for children 8–12 years of age

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to develop an assessment of the fundamental, combined, and complex movement skills required to support childhood physical literacy. The secondary aim was to establish the feasibility, objectivity, and reliability evidence for the assessment.Methods: An expert advisory group recommended a course format for the assessment that would require children to complete a series of dynamic movement skills. Criterion-referenced skill performance and completion time were the recommended forms of evaluation. Children, 8–12 years of age, self-reported their age and gender and then completed the study assessments while attending local schools or day camps. Face validity was previously established through a Delphi expert(n = 19, 21% female) review process. Convergent validity was evaluated by age and gender associations with assessment performance. Inter-and intra-rater(n = 53, 34% female) objectivity and test–retest(n = 60, 47% female) reliability were assessed through repeated test administration.Results: Median total score was 21 of 28 points(range 5–28). Median completion time was 17 s. Total scores were feasible for all 995 children who self-reported age and gender. Total score did not differ between inside and outside environments(95% confidence interval(CI) of difference:-0.7 to 0.6;p = 0.91) or with/without footwear(95%CI of difference:-2.5 to 1.9; p = 0.77). Older age(p < 0.001, η2= 0.15) and male gender(p < 0.001, η2= 0.02)were associated with a higher total score. Inter-rater objectivity evidence was excellent(intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) = 0.99) for completion time and substantial for skill score(ICC = 0.69) for 104 attempts by 53 children(34% female). Intra-rater objectivity was moderate(ICC = 0.52) for skill score and excellent for completion time(ICC = 0.99). Reliability was excellent for completion time over a short(2–4 days; ICC = 0.84) or long(8–14days; ICC = 0.82) interval. Skill score reliability was moderate(ICC = 0.46) over a short interval, and substantial(ICC = 0.74) over a long interval.Conclusion: The Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment is a feasible measure of selected fundamental, complex and combined movement skills, which are an important building block for childhood physical literacy. Moderate-to-excellent objectivity was demonstrated for children 8–12 years of age. Test–retest reliability has been established over an interval of at least 1 week. The time and skill scores can be accurately estimated by 1 trained examiner.

Effect of turf on the cutting movement of female football players

Purpose： The globalisation of artificial turf and the increase in player participation has driven the need to examine injury risk in the sport of football. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface--player interaction in female football players between natural and artificial turf. Methods： Eight university level female football players performed an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre at an angle of 30° and 60°, on a regulation natural grass pitch （NT） and a 3G artificial turf pitch （AT）. An automated active maker system （CodaSport CXS System, 200 Hz） quantified 3D joint angles at the ankle and knee during the early deceleration phase of the cutting, defined from foot strike to weight acceptance at 20% of the stance phase. Differences were statistically examined using a two-way （cutting angle, surface） ANOVA, with an α level of p 〈 0.05 and Cohen＇s d effect size reported. Results： A trend was observed on the AT, with a reduction in knee valgus and internal rotation, suggesting a reduced risk of knee injury. This findings highlight that AT is no worse than NT and may have the potential to reduce the risk of knee injury. The ankle joint during foot strike showed large effects for an increase dorsiflexion and inversion on AT. A large effect for an increase during weight acceptance was observed for ankle inversion and external rotation on AT. Conclusion： These findings provide some support for the use of AT in female football, with no evidence to suggests that there is an increased risk of injury when performing on an artificial turf. The ankle response was less clear and further research is warranted. This initial study provides a platform for more detailed analysis, and highlights the importance of exploring the biomechanical changes in performance and injury risk with the introduction of AT.