Characterization of energy-transduction on die chloroplast thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracca L.) after thermal pretreatment was investigated. The related reactions of energy-transduction in chloropla...Characterization of energy-transduction on die chloroplast thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracca L.) after thermal pretreatment was investigated. The related reactions of energy-transduction in chloroplasts were seriously affected by thermal pretreatment. The results were obtained as following: (1) The rate of cyclic photophosphorylation declined when the pretreatment temperature increased in the range of 25 to 45 degreesC. (2) The thermal pretreatment led to a decrease of the activity of thylakoid membrane-bounded ATPase. (3) Proton uptake of chloroplasts acid the fluorescence quenching of 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) in thylakoid membrane decreased after the thermal pretreatment, but addition of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) could partially restore the fluorescence quenching of 9-AA. (4) Both the rates of fast phase in electrochroism absorption change at 515 nm and the millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of chloroplast showed a progressive decrease upon raising the temperature of pretreatment. (5) Immunbloting analysis showed that the thermal pretreatment caused the changes of protein content and the electrophoresis mobility of thylakoid membrane-bound ATPase and its alpha -subunit. (6) If the temperature of pretreatment were higher than 33 degreesC, oxygen uptake of PS I -mediated in the samples was rapidly inhibited, but addition of sinapine into the reaction medium could partially restore the ability of oxygen uptake in the samples. These results are briefly discussed in relation to the change of permeability of thylakoid membranes, the dissociation of coupling factor complex as well as accumulation of the radicals in the thylakoid membranes after thermal pretreatment.展开更多
The oxidative energy storage behaviors of a designed novel system comprising a nickel hydroxide film electrode and an oxygen-reducing platinum cathode were investigated by various electrochemical techniques. The struc...The oxidative energy storage behaviors of a designed novel system comprising a nickel hydroxide film electrode and an oxygen-reducing platinum cathode were investigated by various electrochemical techniques. The structure and morphology of samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is found that the oxidative energy storage in the Ni(OH)2 electrodes can be obviously enhanced in the coupling system containing the cathode electrolytes with higher oxygen content or lower pH value. The results of the oxidation-discharge cycle tests show that the Ni(OH)2 film electrode oxidized in the coupling system with 1.0 mol/L Na2SO4 (pH=2) as cathode electrolyte for 600 s presents discharge capacities of 79.0 mC/cm2 at the first cycle and 97.9 mC/cm2 at the 12th cycle, suggesting the excellent reversibility of the investigated oxidative energy storage and conversion system.展开更多
Ion conductive membranes(ICMs)are frequently used as separators for energy conversion and storage technologies of fuel cells,flow battery,and hydrogen pump,because of their good ion-selective conduction and low electr...Ion conductive membranes(ICMs)are frequently used as separators for energy conversion and storage technologies of fuel cells,flow battery,and hydrogen pump,because of their good ion-selective conduction and low electronic conductivity.Firstly,this feature article reviews the recent studies on the development of new nonfluorinated ICMs with low cost and their macro/micro-structure control.In general,these new nonfluorinated ICMs have lower conductivity than commercial perfluorinated ones,due to their poor ion transport channels.Increasing ion exchange capacity(IEC)would create more continuous hydrophilic channels,thus enhancing the conductivity.However,high IEC also expands the overall hydrophilic domains,weakens the interaction between polymer chains,enhances the mobility of polymer chains,and eventually induces larger swelling.The micro-scale expansion and macro-scale swelling of the ICMs with high IEC could be controlled by limiting the mobility of polymer chains.Based on this strategy,some ef ficient techniques have been developed,including covalent crosslinking,semi-interpenatrating polymer network,and blending.Secondly,this review introduces the optimization of macro/microstructure of both perfluorinated and nonfluorinated ICMs to improve the performance.Macro-scale multilayer composite is an ef ficient way to enhance the mechanical strength and the dimensional stability of the ICMs,and could also decrease the content of per fluorosulfonic acid resin in the membrane,thereby reducing the cost of the perfluorinated ICMs.Long side chain,multiple functionalization,small molecule inducing micro-phase separation,electrospun nano fiber,and organic–inorganic hybrid could construct more ef ficient ion transport channels,improving the ion conductivity of ICMs.展开更多
In order to effectively solve combinatorial optimization problems,a membrane-inspired quantum bee colony optimization(MQBCO)is proposed for scientific computing and engineering applications.The proposed MQBCO algorith...In order to effectively solve combinatorial optimization problems,a membrane-inspired quantum bee colony optimization(MQBCO)is proposed for scientific computing and engineering applications.The proposed MQBCO algorithm applies the membrane computing theory to quantum bee colony optimization(QBCO),which is an effective discrete optimization algorithm.The global convergence performance of MQBCO is proved by Markov theory,and the validity of MQBCO is verified by testing the classical benchmark functions.Then the proposed MQBCO algorithm is used to solve decision engine problems of cognitive radio system.By hybridizing the QBCO and membrane computing theory,the quantum state and observation state of the quantum bees can be well evolved within the membrane structure.Simulation results for cognitive radio system show that the proposed decision engine method is superior to the traditional intelligent decision engine algorithms in terms of convergence,precision and stability.Simulation experiments under different communication scenarios illustrate that the balance between three objective functions and the adapted parameter configuration is consistent with the weights of three normalized objective functions.展开更多
Surface charge characteristics of a membrane can be determined by the streaming potential. In order to obtain more accurate streaming potential value during the measurement, four measurement operation modes were inves...Surface charge characteristics of a membrane can be determined by the streaming potential. In order to obtain more accurate streaming potential value during the measurement, four measurement operation modes were investigated in this study, and among the four modes, the steady mode with pressure stepped downward was considered the best one. Experimental results showed that the effects of compaction on the streaming potential measurement for a microfiltration membrane was more obvious than that for a ultrafiltration membrane. Both feed pH and presoaking could affect the measurement of streaming potential.展开更多
Aluminum nitride (AlN) films with h〈100〉 crystalline orientation are fabricated on p-Si (100) substrates at room tempera- ture by pulsed laser deposition. The effects of laser energy density and annealing on the...Aluminum nitride (AlN) films with h〈100〉 crystalline orientation are fabricated on p-Si (100) substrates at room tempera- ture by pulsed laser deposition. The effects of laser energy density and annealing on the quality of the films are studied by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The crystalline quality of AlN films is improved considerably by increasing the laser energy density while there is increased number of farraginous particles on the surface. The annealing treatment at 600~C produces a recrystallization process in the film, characterized by the improvement of the original crystallinity, the appearance of new crystalline orientations, and the increase of the crystallites. The surface becomes rougher due to the increase of the grain size during annealing.展开更多
A theoretical and numerical study has been performed on an air film dumper attached to a plate structure. Combined with the analysis by Fox and Whittorg a damping model of the air fiim damper has been developed. A com...A theoretical and numerical study has been performed on an air film dumper attached to a plate structure. Combined with the analysis by Fox and Whittorg a damping model of the air fiim damper has been developed. A complex stiffness was introduced to represent the air pressure in the damper cavity. The stain energy and dissipated energy were integrated from the real part and imaginary part of the complex stiffness to determine the stiffness and damping. The response of the plate with the air film damper was considered by treating the air film as multiple discrete damping-stiffness elements using ANSYS.展开更多
Due to their particular optical characteristics,metallic island films have the potential to significantly increase the energy conversion efficiency of solar cell.We experimentally and theoretically investigated the ef...Due to their particular optical characteristics,metallic island films have the potential to significantly increase the energy conversion efficiency of solar cell.We experimentally and theoretically investigated the effect of substrate temperature on the morphologies and optical properties of the silver island films.At low temperature,below 300 ℃,as the substrate temperature increases.Compared to the films prepared at room temperature,the sizes of nanoparticles decrease and the Absorption peaks shift to shorter wavelength accompanied by an increase density resulting in a 150% Absorption efficiency.As the substrate temperature goes up to 300 ℃,nanoparticles with larger in-plan(X-Y)dimensions are formed,the number density decreases and the Absorption peaks redshift but the Absorption efficiency is still 10% higher.Numerical simulation reveals that these behaviors are a consequence of morphologies transformation.展开更多
Molecular packing patterns are crucial factors determining electron/energy transfer processes that are critical for the optoelectronic properties of organic thin film devices.Herein,the polarization-selective ultravio...Molecular packing patterns are crucial factors determining electron/energy transfer processes that are critical for the optoelectronic properties of organic thin film devices.Herein,the polarization-selective ultraviolet/infrared(UV/IR)mixed frequency ultrafast spectroscopy is applied to investigate the relative molecular orientations in two organic thin films of 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxylic acid(DEAC)and perylene.The signal anisotropy changes caused by intermolecular energy/electron transfers are utilized to calculate the cross angles between the electronic transition dipole moment of the donor and the vibrational transition dipole moments of the acceptor,yielding the relative orientation between two adjacent molecules.Using this method,the relative orientation angle in DEAC film is determined to be 53.4°,close to 60°of its single crystalline structure,and that of the perylene film is determined to be 6.2°,also close to-0.2°of its single crystalline structure.Besides experimental uncertainties,the small difference between the angles determined by this method and those of single crystals also results from the fact that the thin film samples are polycrystalline where some of the molecules are amorphous.展开更多
Pulsed electric field is an innovative method for non-thermal food processing. The effects of pulsed electric field on cell disintegration and mass transfer in sugar beet were studied. Sugar beet slices were treated b...Pulsed electric field is an innovative method for non-thermal food processing. The effects of pulsed electric field on cell disintegration and mass transfer in sugar beet were studied. Sugar beet slices were treated by various Field strengths (0.5-6 kV cm^-1), capacity of capacitors (0.5, 8 and 32 μF) and pulse numbers (1-100 pulses). The cell disintegration index and energy input for each treated sample was evaluated. The results showed that the cell membrane of PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) treated samples using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 20 pulses, and 3 kV cm1, 8 μF after 10 pulses were rapidly disintegrated in less than 1 min. Most important parameters during cell permeabilization were the total energy input followed by field strength. Energy efficiency index was defined as cell disintegration index per energy input unit. The maximum efficiency index was achieved using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 5 pulses. Comparison between PEF pretreatment and thermal method showed that large amount of sugar may be extracted after PEF pretreatment using field strength of 2 Kv cm^-1, 8μF in less than 10 min at ambient temperature. In.addition, the consumed energy for thermal treatment was approximately 20 to 50 times more than PEF pretreatment. Optimizing the field conditions in PEF treatment is an important factor to achieve high amount of sugar extraction from sugar beet.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Zhiweifangbian (ZWFB) capsule on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities in gastric mucosa of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats with Qi def...OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Zhiweifangbian (ZWFB) capsule on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities in gastric mucosa of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. METHODS: Totally 90 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal group (n=10) and modelgroup (n=80). The CAG rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis type was induced by synthetic methods. After modeling for 12 weeks and the successful CAG model was determined, the CAG model rats were divided by random number table into model group (MG), ZWFB high-dose group (ZWFBH), ZWFB middle-dose group (ZWFBM), ZWFB low-dose group (ZWFBL) and Weimeisu group (WM), 9 rats in each group. The rats in the normal and model groups were intragastrically administrated with distilled water, 10 mL/kg every day; the ZWFB high-dose group with ZWFB, 0.6 g/ kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB middle-dose group with ZWFB, 0.3 g/kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB low-dose group with ZWFB, 0.15 g/kg -1 · d -1 , and the WM group with suspension of WM , 0.25 g/kg -1 · d -1 . The treatment was given for 90 consecutive days. Then general survival states were observed and the activities of LDH, SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase in gastric mucosa tissue were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, activity of LDH in the gastric mucosa (P<0.05) and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly decreased in the normal group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group the activity of LDH decreased and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly increased in the high dose ZWFB group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ZWFB capsule can promote energy metabolism and ATPase activity in the gastric mucosa cell, so as to protect the function of the gastric mucosa cell.展开更多
As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, t...As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, together with which is the demanding of energy supply with similar mechanical property. Due to its ability in converting mechanical energy lying in human body into electric energy, energy harvesters based on piezoelectric materials are promising for applications in wearable/implantable device's energy supply in a renewable, clean and life-long way. Here the mechanics of traditional piezoelectrics in energy harvesting is reviewed, including why piezoelectricity is the choice for minor energy harvesting to power the implantable/wearable electronics and how. Different kinds of up to date flexible piezoelectric devices for energy harvesting are introduced, such as nanogenerators based on Zn O and thin and conformal energy harvester based on PZT. A detailed theoretical model of the flexible thin film energy harvester based on PZT nanoribbons is summarized, together with the in vivo demonstration of energy harvesting by integrating it with swine heart. Then the initial researches on stretchable energy harvesters based on piezoelectric material in wavy or serpentine configuration are introduced as well.展开更多
Over the years,the efficiency of inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has increased at an unprecedented pace.However,energy loss in the device has limited a further increase in efficiency and commercialization.In thi...Over the years,the efficiency of inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has increased at an unprecedented pace.However,energy loss in the device has limited a further increase in efficiency and commercialization.In this work,we used(NH4)2C2O4·H2O to treat CsPbBrI2 perovskite film during spin-coating.The CsPbBrI2 underwent secondary crystallization to form high quality films with micrometer-scale and low trap density.(NH4)2C2O4·H2O treatment promoted charge transfer capacity and reduced the ideal factor.It also dropped the energy loss from 0.80 to 0.64 eV.The resulting device delivered a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 16.55%with an open-circuit voltage(Voc)of 1.24 V,which are largely improved compared with the reference device which exhibited a PCE of 13.27%and a Voc of 1.10 V.In addition,the optimized treated device presented a record indoor PCE of 28.48%under a fluorescent lamp of 1000 lux,better than that of the reference device(19.05%).展开更多
文摘Characterization of energy-transduction on die chloroplast thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracca L.) after thermal pretreatment was investigated. The related reactions of energy-transduction in chloroplasts were seriously affected by thermal pretreatment. The results were obtained as following: (1) The rate of cyclic photophosphorylation declined when the pretreatment temperature increased in the range of 25 to 45 degreesC. (2) The thermal pretreatment led to a decrease of the activity of thylakoid membrane-bounded ATPase. (3) Proton uptake of chloroplasts acid the fluorescence quenching of 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) in thylakoid membrane decreased after the thermal pretreatment, but addition of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) could partially restore the fluorescence quenching of 9-AA. (4) Both the rates of fast phase in electrochroism absorption change at 515 nm and the millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of chloroplast showed a progressive decrease upon raising the temperature of pretreatment. (5) Immunbloting analysis showed that the thermal pretreatment caused the changes of protein content and the electrophoresis mobility of thylakoid membrane-bound ATPase and its alpha -subunit. (6) If the temperature of pretreatment were higher than 33 degreesC, oxygen uptake of PS I -mediated in the samples was rapidly inhibited, but addition of sinapine into the reaction medium could partially restore the ability of oxygen uptake in the samples. These results are briefly discussed in relation to the change of permeability of thylakoid membranes, the dissociation of coupling factor complex as well as accumulation of the radicals in the thylakoid membranes after thermal pretreatment.
基金Projects (50972128,51174176) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The oxidative energy storage behaviors of a designed novel system comprising a nickel hydroxide film electrode and an oxygen-reducing platinum cathode were investigated by various electrochemical techniques. The structure and morphology of samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is found that the oxidative energy storage in the Ni(OH)2 electrodes can be obviously enhanced in the coupling system containing the cathode electrolytes with higher oxygen content or lower pH value. The results of the oxidation-discharge cycle tests show that the Ni(OH)2 film electrode oxidized in the coupling system with 1.0 mol/L Na2SO4 (pH=2) as cathode electrolyte for 600 s presents discharge capacities of 79.0 mC/cm2 at the first cycle and 97.9 mC/cm2 at the 12th cycle, suggesting the excellent reversibility of the investigated oxidative energy storage and conversion system.
基金Supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(Grant No.21125628)the Major National Scienti fic Instrument Development Project(Grant No.21527812)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21406031 and 21476044)the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals(KF1507)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.DUTPJ14RC(3)003)State Key Laboratory of fine chemicals(Panjin)project(Grant No.JH2014009)
文摘Ion conductive membranes(ICMs)are frequently used as separators for energy conversion and storage technologies of fuel cells,flow battery,and hydrogen pump,because of their good ion-selective conduction and low electronic conductivity.Firstly,this feature article reviews the recent studies on the development of new nonfluorinated ICMs with low cost and their macro/micro-structure control.In general,these new nonfluorinated ICMs have lower conductivity than commercial perfluorinated ones,due to their poor ion transport channels.Increasing ion exchange capacity(IEC)would create more continuous hydrophilic channels,thus enhancing the conductivity.However,high IEC also expands the overall hydrophilic domains,weakens the interaction between polymer chains,enhances the mobility of polymer chains,and eventually induces larger swelling.The micro-scale expansion and macro-scale swelling of the ICMs with high IEC could be controlled by limiting the mobility of polymer chains.Based on this strategy,some ef ficient techniques have been developed,including covalent crosslinking,semi-interpenatrating polymer network,and blending.Secondly,this review introduces the optimization of macro/microstructure of both perfluorinated and nonfluorinated ICMs to improve the performance.Macro-scale multilayer composite is an ef ficient way to enhance the mechanical strength and the dimensional stability of the ICMs,and could also decrease the content of per fluorosulfonic acid resin in the membrane,thereby reducing the cost of the perfluorinated ICMs.Long side chain,multiple functionalization,small molecule inducing micro-phase separation,electrospun nano fiber,and organic–inorganic hybrid could construct more ef ficient ion transport channels,improving the ion conductivity of ICMs.
基金Projects(61102106,61102105)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013M530148)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation+1 种基金Project(HEUCF140809)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(LBH-Z13054)supported by Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund,China
文摘In order to effectively solve combinatorial optimization problems,a membrane-inspired quantum bee colony optimization(MQBCO)is proposed for scientific computing and engineering applications.The proposed MQBCO algorithm applies the membrane computing theory to quantum bee colony optimization(QBCO),which is an effective discrete optimization algorithm.The global convergence performance of MQBCO is proved by Markov theory,and the validity of MQBCO is verified by testing the classical benchmark functions.Then the proposed MQBCO algorithm is used to solve decision engine problems of cognitive radio system.By hybridizing the QBCO and membrane computing theory,the quantum state and observation state of the quantum bees can be well evolved within the membrane structure.Simulation results for cognitive radio system show that the proposed decision engine method is superior to the traditional intelligent decision engine algorithms in terms of convergence,precision and stability.Simulation experiments under different communication scenarios illustrate that the balance between three objective functions and the adapted parameter configuration is consistent with the weights of three normalized objective functions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.29976031), the Collaboration Project Foundation of Tianjin University and Nankal University, and the Key Project Foundation of Tianjin (No.0331810112).
文摘Surface charge characteristics of a membrane can be determined by the streaming potential. In order to obtain more accurate streaming potential value during the measurement, four measurement operation modes were investigated in this study, and among the four modes, the steady mode with pressure stepped downward was considered the best one. Experimental results showed that the effects of compaction on the streaming potential measurement for a microfiltration membrane was more obvious than that for a ultrafiltration membrane. Both feed pH and presoaking could affect the measurement of streaming potential.
基金Supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No Y2002A04
文摘Aluminum nitride (AlN) films with h〈100〉 crystalline orientation are fabricated on p-Si (100) substrates at room tempera- ture by pulsed laser deposition. The effects of laser energy density and annealing on the quality of the films are studied by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The crystalline quality of AlN films is improved considerably by increasing the laser energy density while there is increased number of farraginous particles on the surface. The annealing treatment at 600~C produces a recrystallization process in the film, characterized by the improvement of the original crystallinity, the appearance of new crystalline orientations, and the increase of the crystallites. The surface becomes rougher due to the increase of the grain size during annealing.
文摘A theoretical and numerical study has been performed on an air film dumper attached to a plate structure. Combined with the analysis by Fox and Whittorg a damping model of the air fiim damper has been developed. A complex stiffness was introduced to represent the air pressure in the damper cavity. The stain energy and dissipated energy were integrated from the real part and imaginary part of the complex stiffness to determine the stiffness and damping. The response of the plate with the air film damper was considered by treating the air film as multiple discrete damping-stiffness elements using ANSYS.
基金The Distinguished Youth Foundation of Hunan Province(03JJY1008)The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(06JJ2034)
文摘Due to their particular optical characteristics,metallic island films have the potential to significantly increase the energy conversion efficiency of solar cell.We experimentally and theoretically investigated the effect of substrate temperature on the morphologies and optical properties of the silver island films.At low temperature,below 300 ℃,as the substrate temperature increases.Compared to the films prepared at room temperature,the sizes of nanoparticles decrease and the Absorption peaks shift to shorter wavelength accompanied by an increase density resulting in a 150% Absorption efficiency.As the substrate temperature goes up to 300 ℃,nanoparticles with larger in-plan(X-Y)dimensions are formed,the number density decreases and the Absorption peaks redshift but the Absorption efficiency is still 10% higher.Numerical simulation reveals that these behaviors are a consequence of morphologies transformation.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFA0204702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21627805,No.21673004,No.21804004,and No.21821004)。
文摘Molecular packing patterns are crucial factors determining electron/energy transfer processes that are critical for the optoelectronic properties of organic thin film devices.Herein,the polarization-selective ultraviolet/infrared(UV/IR)mixed frequency ultrafast spectroscopy is applied to investigate the relative molecular orientations in two organic thin films of 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxylic acid(DEAC)and perylene.The signal anisotropy changes caused by intermolecular energy/electron transfers are utilized to calculate the cross angles between the electronic transition dipole moment of the donor and the vibrational transition dipole moments of the acceptor,yielding the relative orientation between two adjacent molecules.Using this method,the relative orientation angle in DEAC film is determined to be 53.4°,close to 60°of its single crystalline structure,and that of the perylene film is determined to be 6.2°,also close to-0.2°of its single crystalline structure.Besides experimental uncertainties,the small difference between the angles determined by this method and those of single crystals also results from the fact that the thin film samples are polycrystalline where some of the molecules are amorphous.
文摘Pulsed electric field is an innovative method for non-thermal food processing. The effects of pulsed electric field on cell disintegration and mass transfer in sugar beet were studied. Sugar beet slices were treated by various Field strengths (0.5-6 kV cm^-1), capacity of capacitors (0.5, 8 and 32 μF) and pulse numbers (1-100 pulses). The cell disintegration index and energy input for each treated sample was evaluated. The results showed that the cell membrane of PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) treated samples using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 20 pulses, and 3 kV cm1, 8 μF after 10 pulses were rapidly disintegrated in less than 1 min. Most important parameters during cell permeabilization were the total energy input followed by field strength. Energy efficiency index was defined as cell disintegration index per energy input unit. The maximum efficiency index was achieved using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 5 pulses. Comparison between PEF pretreatment and thermal method showed that large amount of sugar may be extracted after PEF pretreatment using field strength of 2 Kv cm^-1, 8μF in less than 10 min at ambient temperature. In.addition, the consumed energy for thermal treatment was approximately 20 to 50 times more than PEF pretreatment. Optimizing the field conditions in PEF treatment is an important factor to achieve high amount of sugar extraction from sugar beet.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Fund (No.81260519)Science and Technique Plan of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province(No.07-GZK-07)Experimental Plan for Young and Middleaged Teacher of Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No. 05ZQ-03/09ZQ-09)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Zhiweifangbian (ZWFB) capsule on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities in gastric mucosa of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. METHODS: Totally 90 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal group (n=10) and modelgroup (n=80). The CAG rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis type was induced by synthetic methods. After modeling for 12 weeks and the successful CAG model was determined, the CAG model rats were divided by random number table into model group (MG), ZWFB high-dose group (ZWFBH), ZWFB middle-dose group (ZWFBM), ZWFB low-dose group (ZWFBL) and Weimeisu group (WM), 9 rats in each group. The rats in the normal and model groups were intragastrically administrated with distilled water, 10 mL/kg every day; the ZWFB high-dose group with ZWFB, 0.6 g/ kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB middle-dose group with ZWFB, 0.3 g/kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB low-dose group with ZWFB, 0.15 g/kg -1 · d -1 , and the WM group with suspension of WM , 0.25 g/kg -1 · d -1 . The treatment was given for 90 consecutive days. Then general survival states were observed and the activities of LDH, SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase in gastric mucosa tissue were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, activity of LDH in the gastric mucosa (P<0.05) and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly decreased in the normal group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group the activity of LDH decreased and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly increased in the high dose ZWFB group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ZWFB capsule can promote energy metabolism and ATPase activity in the gastric mucosa cell, so as to protect the function of the gastric mucosa cell.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB351900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11222220,11320101001,11090331 and 11227801)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program
文摘As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, together with which is the demanding of energy supply with similar mechanical property. Due to its ability in converting mechanical energy lying in human body into electric energy, energy harvesters based on piezoelectric materials are promising for applications in wearable/implantable device's energy supply in a renewable, clean and life-long way. Here the mechanics of traditional piezoelectrics in energy harvesting is reviewed, including why piezoelectricity is the choice for minor energy harvesting to power the implantable/wearable electronics and how. Different kinds of up to date flexible piezoelectric devices for energy harvesting are introduced, such as nanogenerators based on Zn O and thin and conformal energy harvester based on PZT. A detailed theoretical model of the flexible thin film energy harvester based on PZT nanoribbons is summarized, together with the in vivo demonstration of energy harvesting by integrating it with swine heart. Then the initial researches on stretchable energy harvesters based on piezoelectric material in wavy or serpentine configuration are introduced as well.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0202400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61674109)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20170059)funded by the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technologythe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the “111”Project of The State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Chinathe Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics(IOSKL2018KF07)。
文摘Over the years,the efficiency of inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has increased at an unprecedented pace.However,energy loss in the device has limited a further increase in efficiency and commercialization.In this work,we used(NH4)2C2O4·H2O to treat CsPbBrI2 perovskite film during spin-coating.The CsPbBrI2 underwent secondary crystallization to form high quality films with micrometer-scale and low trap density.(NH4)2C2O4·H2O treatment promoted charge transfer capacity and reduced the ideal factor.It also dropped the energy loss from 0.80 to 0.64 eV.The resulting device delivered a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 16.55%with an open-circuit voltage(Voc)of 1.24 V,which are largely improved compared with the reference device which exhibited a PCE of 13.27%and a Voc of 1.10 V.In addition,the optimized treated device presented a record indoor PCE of 28.48%under a fluorescent lamp of 1000 lux,better than that of the reference device(19.05%).