Adipose tissue is not an inert cell mass contributing only to the storage of fat, but a sophisticated ensemble of cellular components with highly specialized and complex functions. In addition to managing the most imp...Adipose tissue is not an inert cell mass contributing only to the storage of fat, but a sophisticated ensemble of cellular components with highly specialized and complex functions. In addition to managing the most important energy reserve of the body, it secretes a multitude of soluble proteins called adipokines, which have beneficial or, alternatively, deleterious effects on the homeostasis of the whole body. The expression of these adipokines is an integrated response to various signals received from many organs, which depends heavily on the integrity and physiological status of the adipose tissue. One of the main regulators of gene expression in fat is the transcription factor peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ （PPARγ）, which is a fatty acid- and eicosanoid-dependent nuclear receptor that plays key roles in the development and maintenance of the adipose tissue. Furthermore, synthetic PPAR7 agonists are therapeutic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review discusses recent knowledge on the link between fat physiology and metabolic diseases, and the roles of PPARγ in this interplay via the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Finally, we assess the putative benefits of targeting this nuclear receptor with still-to-be-identified highly selective PPARγ modulators.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiol...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD,insulin resistance,oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here,ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms,such as sensitizing insulin effects,activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγwhich induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines,changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-αin favor of adiponectin,promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties,and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis.The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Therefore,conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.展开更多
The objectives of the study were： a） to determine the optimal concentration of the extract that should be incorporated in meat products to maintain the lipid oxidative stability, and b） to verify if the extract exe...The objectives of the study were： a） to determine the optimal concentration of the extract that should be incorporated in meat products to maintain the lipid oxidative stability, and b） to verify if the extract exerted antioxidant activity even when these products were enriched with soybean oil （with fatty acids omega 3）. To carry out these aims, in the first instance the additive was incorporated into meat patties （elaborated with 80% beef and 20% fat plus 2% salt over total mass） at 0, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 g/kg, respectively. The lipid oxidation was evaluated by measurement of peroxide value during 15 days at 8 ℃ and the results were expressed as reduction percentage of peroxidation （RP）. RP obtained were 55, 49, 73 and 59 respectively. As 5 g/kg was the optimum concentration of antioxidant, this was chosen to add to meat products enriched with soybean oil. In this case the RP obtained was 78%, indicating that the extract decreased lipid oxidation effectively.展开更多
AIM:To establish if the juice of Moro,an anthocyaninrich orange,may improve liver damage in mice with diet-induced obesity.METHODS:Eight-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) and were administrated water or Moro...AIM:To establish if the juice of Moro,an anthocyaninrich orange,may improve liver damage in mice with diet-induced obesity.METHODS:Eight-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) and were administrated water or Moro juice for 12 wk.Liver morphology,gene expression of lipid transcription factors,and metabolic enzymes were assessed.RESULTS:Mice fed HFD displayed increased body weight,insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.Moro juice administration limited body weight gain,enhanced insulin sensitivity,and decreased serum triglycerides and total cholesterol.Mice fed HFD showed liver steatosis associated with ballooning.Dietary Moro juice markedly improved liver steatosis by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and its target gene acylCoA-oxidase,a key enzyme of lipid oxidation.Consistently,Moro juice consumption suppressed the expression of liver X receptor-α and its target gene fatty acid synthase,and restored liver glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 activity.CONCLUSION:Moro juice counteracts liver steatogenesis in mice with diet-induced obesity and thus may represent a promising dietary option for the prevention of fatty liver.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definit...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD, a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches. In this review, major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty ac- ids （n-3 PUFAs） as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described, n-3 PUFAs, besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors （hy- pertension, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis） by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） cz, PPARy, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-i, carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein], im- pacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity. In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production, n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules （tumor necrosis factor-~ and interleukin-6） and of oxygen reac- tive species. Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies, both animal models and human interven- tion trials, showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory pa- rameters and imaging measurements. Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans, well- designed randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration, with histological endpoints, are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA, as well as other therapies, for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources （fish oil, flaxseeds, olive oil） which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes and, in turn, cardiovascular events. According to these data, it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.展开更多
Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances...Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, and oxidative-relative lipoxygenase(LOX) activity. Additionally, fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both POV and TBARS increased significantly(P < 0.05) at the rinsing stage. POV reached its peak value of 3.63 meq O_2 per kg sample at the drying stage, whereas TBARS constantly increased from 0.05 to 0.20 mg MDA per kg sample. Processing of salt-dried yellow croaker had an extremely significant(P < 0.01) effect on LOX activity. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Combined eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6n3) content varied between(19.20 ±0.37) mg g^(-1) and(23.45 ± 1.05) mg g^(-1). The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(PUFA/SFA) ratio in yellow croaker was 0.73–1.10, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was approximately 0.13–0.20. The contents of most fatty acids varied significantly(P <0.05) during the different processing stages, and these differences were caused by lipid oxidation. C18:0, C16:1n7, C19:0, and C22:6n3 showed clear changes in principle component one of a principle components analysis. These fatty acids are potential markers for evaluating lipid oxidation in fish muscle because there was a significant correlation between these markers and TBARS and LOX activity(P < 0.05) with Pearson's coefficients > 0.931.展开更多
基金supported by the Etat de Vaud and the Swiss National Science Foundation.
文摘Adipose tissue is not an inert cell mass contributing only to the storage of fat, but a sophisticated ensemble of cellular components with highly specialized and complex functions. In addition to managing the most important energy reserve of the body, it secretes a multitude of soluble proteins called adipokines, which have beneficial or, alternatively, deleterious effects on the homeostasis of the whole body. The expression of these adipokines is an integrated response to various signals received from many organs, which depends heavily on the integrity and physiological status of the adipose tissue. One of the main regulators of gene expression in fat is the transcription factor peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ （PPARγ）, which is a fatty acid- and eicosanoid-dependent nuclear receptor that plays key roles in the development and maintenance of the adipose tissue. Furthermore, synthetic PPAR7 agonists are therapeutic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review discusses recent knowledge on the link between fat physiology and metabolic diseases, and the roles of PPARγ in this interplay via the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Finally, we assess the putative benefits of targeting this nuclear receptor with still-to-be-identified highly selective PPARγ modulators.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD,insulin resistance,oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here,ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms,such as sensitizing insulin effects,activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγwhich induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines,changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-αin favor of adiponectin,promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties,and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis.The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Therefore,conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.
文摘The objectives of the study were： a） to determine the optimal concentration of the extract that should be incorporated in meat products to maintain the lipid oxidative stability, and b） to verify if the extract exerted antioxidant activity even when these products were enriched with soybean oil （with fatty acids omega 3）. To carry out these aims, in the first instance the additive was incorporated into meat patties （elaborated with 80% beef and 20% fat plus 2% salt over total mass） at 0, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 g/kg, respectively. The lipid oxidation was evaluated by measurement of peroxide value during 15 days at 8 ℃ and the results were expressed as reduction percentage of peroxidation （RP）. RP obtained were 55, 49, 73 and 59 respectively. As 5 g/kg was the optimum concentration of antioxidant, this was chosen to add to meat products enriched with soybean oil. In this case the RP obtained was 78%, indicating that the extract decreased lipid oxidation effectively.
文摘AIM:To establish if the juice of Moro,an anthocyaninrich orange,may improve liver damage in mice with diet-induced obesity.METHODS:Eight-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) and were administrated water or Moro juice for 12 wk.Liver morphology,gene expression of lipid transcription factors,and metabolic enzymes were assessed.RESULTS:Mice fed HFD displayed increased body weight,insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.Moro juice administration limited body weight gain,enhanced insulin sensitivity,and decreased serum triglycerides and total cholesterol.Mice fed HFD showed liver steatosis associated with ballooning.Dietary Moro juice markedly improved liver steatosis by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and its target gene acylCoA-oxidase,a key enzyme of lipid oxidation.Consistently,Moro juice consumption suppressed the expression of liver X receptor-α and its target gene fatty acid synthase,and restored liver glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 activity.CONCLUSION:Moro juice counteracts liver steatogenesis in mice with diet-induced obesity and thus may represent a promising dietary option for the prevention of fatty liver.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD, a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches. In this review, major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty ac- ids （n-3 PUFAs） as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described, n-3 PUFAs, besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors （hy- pertension, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis） by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） cz, PPARy, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-i, carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein], im- pacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity. In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production, n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules （tumor necrosis factor-~ and interleukin-6） and of oxygen reac- tive species. Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies, both animal models and human interven- tion trials, showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory pa- rameters and imaging measurements. Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans, well- designed randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration, with histological endpoints, are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA, as well as other therapies, for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources （fish oil, flaxseeds, olive oil） which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes and, in turn, cardiovascular events. According to these data, it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31371800 and 31571869)Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System (No. CARS-49-G27)Special Promotion of Guangdong Marine Fishery Science and Technology (Nos. A201301C01 and A201503)
文摘Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, and oxidative-relative lipoxygenase(LOX) activity. Additionally, fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both POV and TBARS increased significantly(P < 0.05) at the rinsing stage. POV reached its peak value of 3.63 meq O_2 per kg sample at the drying stage, whereas TBARS constantly increased from 0.05 to 0.20 mg MDA per kg sample. Processing of salt-dried yellow croaker had an extremely significant(P < 0.01) effect on LOX activity. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Combined eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6n3) content varied between(19.20 ±0.37) mg g^(-1) and(23.45 ± 1.05) mg g^(-1). The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(PUFA/SFA) ratio in yellow croaker was 0.73–1.10, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was approximately 0.13–0.20. The contents of most fatty acids varied significantly(P <0.05) during the different processing stages, and these differences were caused by lipid oxidation. C18:0, C16:1n7, C19:0, and C22:6n3 showed clear changes in principle component one of a principle components analysis. These fatty acids are potential markers for evaluating lipid oxidation in fish muscle because there was a significant correlation between these markers and TBARS and LOX activity(P < 0.05) with Pearson's coefficients > 0.931.
