N-脂肪酰基氨基酸盐的合成、性能及应用

研究了N-月桂酰基氨基酸盐表面活性剂的合成方法、表面化学性能及应用性能。该类产品性能优良、温和,可应用于日用化工产品及其他工业领域中,应用前景较为广阔。

脂肪和蛋白质营养对封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑生长和肌肉品质的效应

为探讨饲料脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑（SalmonsalarL．）生长性能和肌肉品质的影响，采用3×2双因素试验设计（3脂肪水平：18％、21％、24％，即F18、F21、F24；2蛋白质水平：38％、48％．即P38、P48），形成6种试验处理膨化颗粒配合饲料，每处理3重复，通过在工业化封闭循环海水养殖条件下，选用初质量（650．0±45．50）g大西洋鲑720尾，进行动物饲喂试验、肌肉脂肪酸、氨基酸测试等，试验期56d。结果表明：（1）中脂肪水平（F21）和高蛋白水平（P48）饲料的生长性能较佳。增质量率随脂肪水平提高先增加后降低，中高脂肪组比低脂肪组极显著提高43．5％（P〈0．01）；高蛋白组极显著提高44．99％（P〈0．01）；中脂肪高蛋白组合（P48F21）效应最佳；（2）脂肪水平对肌肉氨基酸含量影响不显著。蛋白水平与肌肉9种必需、4种风味氨基酸含量呈正相关，高蛋白组显著提高3．60％～17．00％（P〈0．05／0．01）：（3）脂肪水平与肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量呈正相关，而蛋白水平与其呈负相关，高脂肪（P24）和低蛋白（P38）有利于提高肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量。高脂肪纽肌肉Zoo-3PUFA、∑HuFA、DHA、EPA含量比低脂肪组分别极显著或显著提高15．74％、26．60％、15．41％、7．67％（P〈0．01／0．05）；低蛋白组极显著提高肌肉DHA含量11．91％（P〈0．01）、EPA10．02％（P〈0．05）；低蛋白中高脂肪组合fP38F21、P38F24）效应佳。本试验研究证明，工业化工业化封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑对脂肪营养需求有一定程度降低，本试验条件下中高脂肪与中低蛋白组合既利于提高生长性能，又增加肌肉ω-3HUFA和主要氨基酸沉积，为工业化养殖大西洋鲑的肉质改善型配合饲料研制提供了重要依据。

Analysis of the chemical compositions of Hirudinaria manillensis

Aim To determine and analyze fatty acids, amino acids and trace elements of Hirudinaria manillensis. Methods Contents of fatty acids, amino acids and trace elements were determined by GC/MS, HPLC and ICP-AES. Results H. manillensis contained sixteen fatty acids, among which the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids is 34.05%. The eighteen amino acids were detected, which included eight essential amino acids in human body with a ratio of 33.53 %. There were eight trace elements （Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, V and Zn） from H. manillensis, and the content of Ca, Zn and Fe were apparently higher than those of other elements. Conclusion These methods are simple and accurate. This study reports routine quantitative methods for the analysis of multiple components in H. manillensis by GC/MS, HPLC and ICP-AES.

A Review on Tibetan Swine(a)——Carcass,Meat Quality,Basic Nutrition Component,Amino Acids,Fatty Acids,Inosine Monophosphate and Muscle Fiber

In this review, the carcass, meat quality, internal organs, basic nutrition component, amino acids （AAs）, fatty acids, inosine monophosphate （IMP） and mus- cle fiber of Tibetan swine were summarized for the first time. The formation mecha- nism of excellent features was analyzed from the aspects of physiological traits, ge- ographical environments and constraint reasons. Thereby, the outstanding features of Tibetan swine could be extended continuously, and the poor characteristics should be improved in the future.

Repression of PKR mediates palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through regulation of Bcl-2

The present study shows that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase （PKR） regulates the protein expres- sion level and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and plays an anti-apoptotic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma ceils （HepG2）. In various types of cells, saturated free fatty acids （FFAs）, such as palmitate, have been shown to induce cellular apoptosis by several mechanisms. Palmitate down-regulates the activity of PKR and thereby decreases the level of Bcl-2 protein, mediated in part by reduced activation of the NF-KB transcription factor. In addition to the level of Bel-2 protein, the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at different amino acid residues, such as Ser70 and Ser87, is also important in regulating cellular apoptosis. The decrease in the phosphorylatiou of Bcl-2 at Ser70 upon exposure to palmitate is mediated by inhibition of PKR and possibly by c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）, whereas the phosphory- lation of Bcl-2 at Ser87 is unaffected by palmitate or PKR. In summary, PKR mediates the regulation of the protein level and the phosphorylation status of Bel-2, providing a novel mechanism of palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Improvement of Nannochloropsis oceanica growth performance through chemical mutation and characterization of fast growth physiology by transcriptome profiling

Nannochloropsis oceanica promises to be an industrial-level producer of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the fastest and slowest growing N. oceanica mutants were selected through N-methyl-N＇-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutation, and two mutant strains and the wild type （WT） subjected to transcriptome profiling. It was found that the 0D680 reads at stationary growth phase of both WT and its mutants were proportional to their cell density, thus indicating their division rate and growth speed during culture. This chemical mutation was effective for improving growth performance, and the fast strain divided faster by upregulating the expression of genes functioning in the cell cycle and downregulating genes involved in synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars as well as the construction of ribosome and photosynthetic machinery. However, the relationship among the effected genes responsible for cell cycle, metabolism of fatty and amino acids, and construction of ribosome and photosynthetic machinery remained unclear. Further genetic studies are required for clarifying the genetic/metabolic networks underpinning the growth performance ofN. oceanica. These findings demonstrated that this mutation strategy was effective for improving the growth performance of this species and explored a means ofmicroalgal genetic improvement, particularly in species possessing a monoploid nucleus and asexual reproduction.

Comparative study of the nutritional composition and toxic elements of farmed and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus

Information of the difference in quality between farmed and wild fish is central to better ensuring fish products produced in aquaculture meet regulatory and consumer requirements. Proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and toxic elements contents of fanned and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus were established and compared. Significantly higher crude protein content while lower moisture content in farmed fish compared to wild fish were observed （P〈0.05）. The percentages of total amino acids （TAA）, total essential amino acids （TEAA）, total non-essential amino acids （TNEAA） and total delicious amino acids （TDAA） in farmed fish were all significantly higher than those in the wild equivalent （P〈0.05）. Compared to the FAO/WHO recommended reference values, the ratios of TEAA/ TAA （39.84%o-40.33%） were comparable to 40% and TEAA / TNEAA （66.22%-67.60%） were above 60%. Fatty acid profiles in both farmed and wild C. mongolicus were dominated by monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA）, with farmed fish contained much more MUFA content compared to wild counterpart （P〈0.05）. Notably, wild fish exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA） including eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） than fanned fish （P〈0.05）. The EPA （C20：503） and linoleic acid （C18：206） were the predominant PUFA in wild and farmed C. mongolicus, respectively. Moreover, farmed fish displayed an overall lower toxic element levels （As, Cd, Pb and Hg） in comparison with wild fish, and both were far lower than the established limit standard. In conclusion, our results suggest that the nutritional quality of fanned C. mongolicus was inferior to their wild counterpart with respect to fatty acids nutrition, and therefore further studies should focus on the improving C. mongolicus diet in order to enhance the overall nutritional composition.

Monthly Changes of Glycogen, Lipid and Free Amino Acid of Oyster

Monthly difference of the chemical composition of oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was analyzed. The components analyzed included glycogen, fatty acid and free amino acid （FAA）. The content of glycogen was high in January and March （2.89 and 2.82 g（100 g） ^-1 on average, respectively） and low in October （2.07g（100g）^- 1 on average）. The low content of neutral lipids in October reflected a relatively poor nutritional value of oyster （1.42 g（ 100 g）^- 1 on average）. The main fatty acids of oyster were palmitic acid （16：0）, oleic acid （18： 1）, eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA, 20： 5（0 3） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA, 22：6（0 3）. The major FAAs of oyster were Taurine, Glutamicacid, Glycin, Alanine, Arginine and Proline. Taurine was the most abundant FAA with its content ranging from 603 mg（100 g） ^-1 to 1 139 mg（ 100 g） ^-1. The high contents of glycogen, polyunsaturated fatty acid and FAA showed that oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was nutritionally good in January and March.

Research on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Components of Desi Chickpea Seeds from Xinjiang

[Objective] The paper aimed to determine the fatty acid components and contents,and measure the fractional protein and the amino acid components of Desi chickpea seeds.[Method] The oil of Desi chickpea seeds was extracted from their kernels collected from Xinjiang.The contents and components of fatty acids were tested by GC-MS.The fractional extraction was used to get the proteins of their kernels,and then the content of protein was tested.The amino acid compositions of the proteins were also analyzed.[Result] The fat content of chickpea seeds was as high as up to 18.2%,among which,the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid were the major component,accounting for 80% of the total fatty acids;the content of saturated fatty acid was low.The average content of protein was 23.71% in chickpea seeds.Globulin and albumin were the main protein in chickpea seeds,accounting for more than 80% of the total proteins,while glutelin and gliadin contents were low.All the proteins got from chickpea seeds belonged to complete protein,which contained 18 kinds of amino acids.The content of Glu was the highest（15.8%）,and the content of Asp was 10.7%,followed by Arg（9.30%）,Leu（7.56%）,Lys（6.34%）,Phe,Ala,Val and Ile.The contents of Trp,Met and Cys were the least.The chickpea seed was rich in essential amino acids.[Conclusion] The Desi chickpea was a legume crop containing high content of unsaturated fatty acids and rich in amino acids.

Comparison in nutritional quality between wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

In this study, the proximate composition and the amino and fatty acid profiles of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （prey） and wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepiapharaonis （the latter fed the prey） were determined and compared with FAO/WHO recommendations. The resulting scores for isoleucine, phenylalanine＋tyrosine, histidine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan in cultured cuttlefish were 〉150. The ratio of EAA （essential amino acids）/nonessential amino acids in cultured cuttlefish （0.82） was higher than in the wild form （0.80）. All EAA amino acid scores for cultured cuttlefish were higher than their wild counterparts, except for histidine and tryptophan. Both groups of cuttlefish possessed similar saturated fatty acid content, with the cultured containing much more total （E） monounsaturated fatty acids, E n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）, and eicosapentaenoic acid （C20：5 n-3） but less E n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid （C20：4 n-6）, and docosahexaenoic acid （C22：6 n-3） than their wild counterparts. Therefore, the present results suggest that these cultured cuttlefish were better than the wild form for human health. Notably, these results also indicate that the nutritional composition of these cuttlefish might have been significantly affected by diet.

Seasonal biochemical changes in composition of body wall tissues of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly among seasons （P〈0.05）. Alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids. Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons （P〈0.05）. 16：0 and 16：1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） respectively for all months. EPA （20：5n-3）, AA （20：4n-6） and DHA （22：6n-3） were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The proportions of SFA and PUFA yielded significant seasonal variations （P〈0.001）, but MUFA did not changed significantly. The results indicated that the biochemical compositions of the body wall in A. japonieus were significantly influenced by seasons and that the body wall tissue is an excellent source of protein, MUFA and n-3 PUFA for humans.

Biochemical composition of the alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785)

Considering the economic importance in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and lack of baseline information, we evaluated the proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, trace element content and C:N ratio in the alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus. Amongst proximate principals, a crude protein formed the major biochemical component((58.9±2.2)% dry weight). Mean percent concentrations(dry weight) of other components such as a total lipid(TL), ash and nitrogen-free extract measured were,(1.8±0.2)%,(19.2±2.2)% and(20.1±0.45)%, respectively. The fatty acid profile revealed the presence of 27 saturated fatty acids(SFA) with 13 straight-chained and 14 branched-chained, 28 unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) with 14 monounsaturated and 14 polyunsaturated and nine other minor fatty acids. Mean percent contributions of total SFAs and UFAs to TL were found to be(55.41±0.24)% and(44.05±0.25)%, respectively. Altogether, 16 dif ferent amino acids with an equal number of essential(EAA) and non-essential(NAA) ones were identified. Percent contributions by EAA and NAA to the total amino acid content were 38.11% and 61.89%, respectively. Trace metal concentrations in S. biaculeatus were generally low and their distribution followed the order, Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Hg>Co. The C:N ratio was(4.37±0.04)%. The profile of major biochemical constituents in alligator pipefish, S. biaculeatus revealed its potential use in TCM as well as a nutritional diet for human consumption. The results of the study would also form the basis for formulation and optimization of diets for the culture of S. biaculeatus.

Research on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Components of Agriophyllum squarrosum Seeds from Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the fatty acid and amino acid components of Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds from Xinjiang.[Method] The oil sample was extracted from kernels of A.squarrosum seeds collected from Xinjiang for measuring the components and contents of fatty acids with GC-MS;semi-micro Kjeldahl method and fractional extraction were conducted to get the proteins from the kernels and determine amino acids of the proteins.[Result] The fat content of A.squarrosum seeds was as high as up to 13.7%,among which unsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid were the major components,accounting for more than 80% of the total fatty acids,while saturated fatty acid content was lower.The content of crude proteins was 24.37% in A.squarrosum seeds,in which globulin and albumin were the main components,accounting for more than 80% of the total proteins,while glutenin,gliadin and residue proteinswere less.Protein got from A.squarrosum seeds belonged to complete protein,contained 18 kinds of amino acids.The content of glutamic acid was the highest（18.3%）,followed by arginine（9.46%）,aspartate（9.27%）,leucine（6.67%）,phenylalanine（5.04%）,serine,methionine,lysine,valine,cystine,histidine and tryptophane.In addition,A.squarrosum seed was rich in essential amino acid.[Conclusion] The paper will provide reference for comprehensive development of A.squarrosum resources from Xinjiang.

Body composition and compensatory growth in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under different feeding intervals

We investigated the growth and body composition of Nile tilapia under five different feeding regimes. A control group was fed to satiation twice daily for 185 days; four treatment groups were fed at intervals of 2, 3, 4 or 7 days(dietary ‘restricted' period, days 0–80) and then fed to satiation(‘refeeding' period, days 80–185). Compensatory growth in weight and length of the feed-restricted groups was observed during the refeeding period. However, the growth of none of the restricted groups caught up with that of the control group over the experimental period. Feed intake upon refeeding increased with the duration of deprivation. There were no significant differences in feed efficiency between the restricted and control groups during the refeeding stage, suggesting that hyperphagia was the mechanism responsible for the increased growth rates during this period. Tilapia preferentially used n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and nonessential amino acids during the restricted-feeding period. Higher production was achieved by higher feed consumption. We suggest that if attainment of market size in minimum time is required, fish should be consistently fed to satiation, while taking care to avoid the possible negative consequences of overfeeding.

Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile in Epidermal Mucus of Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse （Labroides dimidiatus）： Possible Role as Defense Mechanism against Pathogens

Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.

Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Muscle Tissue of Yellowback Seabream, Evynnis Tumifrons, from the East China Sea

Biochemical composition and nutritional value of muscle tissue of wild-caught yellowback seabream （Evynnis tumifrons） from the East China Sea were determined. The yellowback seabream muscle contained 18.30% crude protein and 0.47% crude lipid. The contents of biochemical, moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were analyzed using AOAC standard methods. The compositions and contents of amino-acid and fatty-acid were determined by Amino Acid 20 Analyzer and Agilent 6890 Gas Chromatograph. The total essential amino acids （EAA; those required by humans） accounts for 46.96% of the total amino acids in E. tumifrons, higher than FAO/WHO standard but lower than whole-egg protein standard. In E. tumifrons, the first limiting amino acids were threonine （Thr）, based on amino acid score （AAS）, and methionine （Met） and cysteine （Cys）, based on chemical score （CS）. A total of 19 fatty acids were identified; together, eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） contributed 22.65% of the total fatty-acid content, with 17.25% from DHA. The nutritional-requirement characteristics of this fish, which tumifrons mariculture. composition data provided useful information on the food quality and may facilitate the development of appropriate feed formulation in E.

The relationship between the contents of 13 amino acids in brain tissues and the progression of NAFLD via C57BL/6 model mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the steatosis of liver parenchyma unrelated to alcoholism,autoimmunity,and viral infection.It is also a metabolism-related syndrome,which has an unseparated relationship with adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity.Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is one of the severe complications of chronic liver disease and one of the end-stage syndromes of liver disease.Some researchers have suggested that NAFLD,like other forms of liver injury,may be related to the metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs),which have been approved to be associated with HE influencing ammonia and energy metabolism.However,several studies have revealed the relationship among amino acids in serum,HE,and chronic liver disease;there are few studies on the contents of amino acids in brain tissues of an animal model with NAFLD.In the present research,we established a NAFLD mouse model with C57 BL/6 mice and determined the contents of 13 amino acids in brain tissues of model mice by HPLC-FLD derivatization method using ortho-phthalaldehyde(OPA)to explore the relationship between the contents of amino acids in brain tissues and the progression of NAFLD.Moreover,the study showed that the changes of amino acid contents in the brain of the C57 BL/6 mice were associated with the advancement of NAFLD,and this change might be related to the mechanism of HE.