影响鸡肌内脂肪的重要候选基因研究进展

心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(Heart fatty acid binding acid,H-FABP)、脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein,A-FABP)和细胞外脂肪酸结合蛋白(Extracellular fatty acid binding protein,Ex-FABP)对鸡肌内脂肪性状的影响越来越引起研究者的关注。在总结、回顾近年来鸡肌内脂肪性状研究进展的基础上,从H-FABP、AFABP、Ex-FABP基因功能、基因单核苷酸多态性以及两基因聚合基因型效应等方面,详细介绍和阐述了其与肌内脂肪含量的关系,并提出未来鸡肌内脂肪性状的3个重要候选基因研究需要解决的问题,对鸡肌内脂肪性状的3个重要候选基因的研究进行综述,为优质鸡的遗传育种工作提供新的思路和突破口。

Sequence Analysis of Polymorphic Fragments in the Third Intron of Porcine H-FABP Gene

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the major genes affecting intramuscular fat （IMF） deposition. [Method] Taking 383 pigs from five breeds including Mashen Pig, Large White Pig, Landrace, Duroc and Shanxi White Pig as the experimental animals, polymorphisms of partial fragments in the third intron of porcine H-FABP gene were detected by PCR-SSCP method, and then the polymorphic fragments were sequenced. [ Result] Two alleles, designated as A and B, were found at the locus 346 in the third intron of porcine H-FABP gene, and the mutation was caused by a A→G substitution. [ Conclusion] A polymorphic locus was discovered in the third intron of porcine H-FABP gene in this experiment, laying a foundation for the further study on the relationship between H-FABP gene and IMF content.

Usefulness of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

AIM： To assess the value of long-chain w-3 fatty acids （FAs） supplementation in addition to amino-salicylic-acid （5-ASA） in pediatric patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD）. METHODS： Thirty-eight patients （20 males and 18 females, mean age 10.13 years, range 5-16 years） with CD in remission were randomized into two groups and treated for 12 too. Group Ⅰ （18 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋w-3 FAs as triglycerides in gastroresistant capsules, 3 g/d （eicosapentanoic acid, EPA, 400 mg/g, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 200 mg/g）. Group Ⅱ （20 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋olive oil placebo capsules. Patients were evaluated for fatty acid incorporation in red blood cell membranes by gas chromatography at baseline 6 and 12 mo after the treatment. RESULTS： The number of patients who relapsed at 1 year was significantly lower in group I than in group Ⅱ （P〈0.001）. Patients in group I had a significant increase in the incorporation of EPA and DHA （P〈0.001） and a decrease in the presence of arachidonic acids. CONCLUSION： Enteric-coated w-3 FAs in addition to treatment with 5-ASA are effective in maintaining remission of pediatric CD.

THE ASSOCIATION OF Ala54Thr VARIANT OF INTESTINAL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN GENE WITH GENERAL AND REGIONAL ADIPOSE TISSUE DEPOTS

Objective. To ascertain the relationship between the Ala54Thr variation of FABP2 gene and general as well as regional adipose tissue depots. Subjects. 165 subjects, in which 86 were subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [age 54 45±9 80, male/female 1 05,body mass index (BMI)26 48±4 01] and 79 were subjects with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)(age 55 86±10 00,male/female 1 08,BMI 26 75±3 30). Design and measurements. An association study of FABP2 Ala54Thr variation detected by PCR/HhaI digestion with general and regional adipose tissue depots determined by BMI and magnetic resonance imaging [abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue area (SA and VA) and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue area (FA)]. Results. The geneotype and allele frequencies of FABP2 Ala54Thr variation in Chinese were quite close to the frequencies in American Caucasians and Pima Indians reported in the literature. Significant difference in genotype frequency distribution was observed between FA subgroups comparisons (FA≥75cm 2 versus FA<75cm 2 )in NIDDM subjects (X 2 =11 460,P=0 003),with significantly increased in Thr54 carrier[Thr54(+)]genotype frequency and Thr54 allele frequency in NIDDM subject with FA<75cm 2 (odd ratio for genotype was 4 62,X 2 =10 112,P=0 001;and for allele=2 36,X 2 =5 379,P=0 020).The FA in NIDDM Thr54(+)subgroup was significantly lower than that in subjects with NIDDM Thr54( )sugroup(61 19±21 51cm 2 versus 75 36±31 70cm 2 ,P=0 021). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that FABP2 Thr54 genotype variation was an independent factor contributing to the variation of FA in NIDDM(P=0 003). Conclusion. FABP2 is associated with regional adipose tissue depot.The decreased femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue depot in NIDDM subjects is related to FABP2 Thr54 variant.

Optimization of High EPA Structured Phospholipids Synthesis from （u-3 Fatty Acid Enriched Oil and Soy Lecithin

The molecular structure of phospholipids can be changed enzymatically to obtain different tailor-made phospholipids. Incorporation of ω-3 fatty acids into phospholipids structure increased their oxidative stability, suggesting more health beneficial phospholipids. This study aimed to optimize eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） incorporation into phospholipids structure by acidolysis reaction using free lipase （EC 3.1.1.3） from Rhizomucor miehei. Deoiled soy lecithin from anjasmoro variety was used as phospholipids source, while ω-3 fatty acid enriched oil was used as acyl source. Oil enriched with ω-3 fatty acids was obtained from low temperature solvent crystallization of lemuru （Sardinella longiceps） by-product. Response surface methodology （RSM） was used in this study to determine the relationship between the three factors （enzyme concentration, reaction time and substrate ratio） and their effects on EPA incorporation into soy lecithin structure. The results showed that the relation between EPA content with three factors （reaction time, enzyme concentration and substrate ratio） was quadratic. The significant factors were substrate ratio and reaction time. Optimum conditions at a ratio of 3.77：1 between ω-3 fatty acids enriched oil and soy lecithin, 30% lipase concentration, and 24.08 h reaction time, gave 22.81% of EPA content of structured phospholipids.

Saturated Fatty Acid Induces Insulin Resistance Partially Through Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain 1 Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes

Objective To investigate the potential role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 （NOD1）, a component of the innate immune system, in mediating lipid-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. Methods Adipocytes from Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency mice were used for stimulation experiments. The effect of oleate/palmitate mixture on nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） activation was analyzed by reporter plasmid assay. The release of proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines production was determined by using real-time PCR. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured by 2-deoxy-D-[SH] glucose uptake assay. Chemokine/cytokine expression and glucose uptake in adipocytes transfected with small interfering RNA （siRNA） targeting NOD 1 upon fatty acids treatment were analyzed. Results Oleate/palmitate mixture activated the NF-κB pathway and induced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-R, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expressions in adipocytes from mice deficient in Toll-like receptor 4, and these effects were blocked by siRNA targeting NOD1. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids decreased the ability of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Importantly, siRNA targeting NOD 1 partially reversed saturated fatty acid-induced suppression of insulin-induced glucose uptake. Conclusion NOD1 might play an important role in saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes, suggesting a mechanism by which reduced NOD1 activity confers beneficial effects on insulin action.

Characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity with coverage of Solidago Canadensis L

The relationship between Solidago canadensis L. invasion and soil microbial community diversity including functional and structure diversities was studied across the invasive gradients varying from 0 to 40%, 80%, and 100% coverage of Solidago canadensis L. using sole carbon source utilization profiles analyses, principle component analysis （PCA） and phospholipid fatty acids （PLFA） profiles analyses. The results show the characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity in invaded soils strongly changed by Solidago canadensis L. invasion. Solidago canadensis L. invasion tended to result in higher substrate richness, and functional diversity. As compared to the native and ecotones, average utilization of specific substrate guilds of soil microbe was the highest in Solidago canadensis L. monoculture. Soil microbial functional diversity in Solidago canadensis L. monoculture was distinctly separated from the native area and the ecotones. Aerobic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population significantly increased but anaerobic bacteria decreased in the soil with Solidago canadensis L. monoculture. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 co7 gradually declined but mono/sat and fung/bact PLFAs increased when Solidago canadensis L. became more dominant. The microbial community composition clearly separated the native soil from the invaded soils by PCA analysis, especially 18： lco7c, 16： lco7t, 16： lco5c and 18：2co6, 9 were present in higher concentrations for exotic soil. In conclusion, Solidago canadensis L. invasion could create better soil conditions by improving soil microbial community structure and functional diversity, which in turn was more conducive to the growth ofSolidago canadensis L.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A potential mechanism in anti-carcinogenesis of colon

TO THE EDITOR Bitter gourd （Momordica charantia）, has received widespread attention in the scientific community due to its beneficial effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti- inflammatory effects in laboratory studies. However, a well-defined mechanism by which this important plant food exerts its beneficial effects has not been elucidated. We present some of the latest findings on the plant＇s effects against colon cancer.

Effects of seasonal variations on soil microbial community composition of two typical zonal vegetation types in the Wuyi Mountains

Seasonal shifts play an important role in soil microbial community composition. This study examined the hypothesis that soil microbial community structure would vary with seasonal shifts in the Wuyi Mountains in Southeast China, and that two representative tree species （Castanopisi carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata） may have different soil microbial community composition. Phospholipids fatty acid analysis （PLFA） of seasonal shifts and was used to assess the effect vegetation types on soil microbial community structure. A total of 22 different PLFAs were identified from all the soil samples. The bacterial PLFAs accounted for 62.37% of the total PLFAs, followed by fungi （28.94%）, and the minimum was actinomycetes （6.41%）. Overall, the level of PLFAs in C. carlesii soil was greater than those in C. lanceolata soil, and significant differences were observed in some seasons. The amounts of total, bacteria, actinomycic and fungal PLFAs significantly changed with the seasons and followed a sequence order （summer 〉 autumn 〉 spring 〉 winter）. The bacteria/fungi PLFAs and G （＋）/G （-） PLFAs of two vegetation types also changed with the seasons and the ratios in summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter. The correlation analysis of microbial PLFAs and soil physicochemical properties showed that the total, bacteria, fungal, actinomycic, G （＋） and G （-） PLFAs were significantly positive correlation with TOC, TN, TP, TK and moisture content. We concluded that the seasonal shifts and vegetation types affect soil microbial community composition by changing the soil physicochemical properties.

Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-1 Ligand Induces Inflammation and Attenuates Glucose Uptake in Human Adipocytes

Objective To investigate the effects of stimulant for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 （NOD1） on secretion of proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines and insulin-dependent glucose uptake in human differentiated adipocytes. Methods Adipose tissues were obtained from patients undergoing liposuction. Stromal vascular cells were extracted and differentiated into adipocytes. A specific ligand for NOD1, was administered to human adipocytes in culture. Nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity and proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines production were determined by reporter plasmid assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured by 2-deoxy-D-[ 3 H] glucose uptake assay. Furthermore, chemokine/cytokine secretion and glucose uptake in adipocytes transfected with small interfering RNA （siRNA） targeting NOD1 upon stimulation of NOD1 ligand were analyzed. Results Nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）, interleukin （IL）-6, and IL-8 secretion in human adipocytes were markedly increased stimulated with NOD1 ligand （all P〈0.01）. Insulin-induced glucose uptake was decreased upon the activation of NOD1 （P〈0.05）. NOD1 gene silencing by siRNA reduced NOD1 ligand-induced MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 release and increased insulin-induced glucose uptake （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion NOD1 activation in adipocytes might be implicated in the onset of insulin resistance.

Study on Structure and Crystallinity of A New Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyester

A series of biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, poly(butylene terephthalate-co-butylene adipate-co- ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene adipate) (PBATE), were synthesized from terephthalic acid (PTA), adipic acid (AA), 1,4-butanediol (BG) and ethylene glycol (EG) through direct esterification and polycondensation. The sequence structure and crystallinity of the copolyester were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). The analytical results showed that the PBATE copolyester was a random copolymer and the composition of PBATE copolyester was almost consistent with the feed molar ratios. The crystal structure of PBATE copolyester belonged to the triclinic crystalline system; The variation in melting point of the synthesized PBATE copolyester agreed well with the estimation obtained by the Flory equation and was applicable to the random copolymer.

体外循环心内直视术后早期检测HFABP的意义

目的探讨体外循环（CPB）心内直视术围术期血清心型脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid binding protein，HFABP）的变化规律和对术后心肌损伤早期检测的临床应用价值。方法测定18例择期CPB下行心内直视手术的病人术前1d（T1）、CPB前即刻（12）、主动脉开放后30min（T3）、3h（T4）、12h（T5）、24h（T6）的HFABP、肌酸激酶同工酶MB（CK-MB）和心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的血清浓度，分析比较3种指标各时点血清浓度变化规律，及HFABP峰值浓度与CK-MB、CTnI峰值浓度的相关性和与主动脉阻断时间（ACCT）、术后多巴胺用量的相关性。结果与T1时点比较，HFABP血清浓度T4时所有病人达到峰值浓度，瞒时从峰值浓度明显下降，接近正常；CK-MB血清浓度巧时所有病人达到峰值，瞒时仍明显高于对照组；cTnI血清浓度瞒时全部达到峰值。三者峰值时间点差异有统计学意义，HFABP比CK-MB、cTnI更早达到峰值；HFABP峰值与CK-MB、cTnI峰值浓度、与ACCT呈正相关，与术后多巴胺用量无相关性。结论HFABP作为较新的急性心肌缺血损伤的生化指标，能作为体外循环心内直视术后心肌损伤早期检测的合适指标之一，且优于CK-MB、cTnI，并对围术期心肌损伤程度的判断、预后及评价心肌保护效果有重要价值。

低剂量γ射线照射对人淋巴母细胞蛋白表达的影响

目的为探讨低剂量电离辐射生物效应作用机制，研究不同剂量单次照射后，人淋巴母细胞蛋白表达的变化。方法利用双向凝胶电泳和基质辅助激光解析飞行时间串联质谱技术分离、鉴定不同低剂量γ射线导致的人淋巴母细胞差异表达蛋白，采用实时荧光定量PCR法从mRNA水平验证蛋白的差异表达。结果不同低剂量叮射线照射后，双向电泳和质谱分离鉴定得到3个差异表达点：真核翻译起始因子5A（eIF5A），前折叠素亚单位1（PFDN1），脂肪酸结合蛋白4（FABP4）。其中，eIF5A和FABP4的mRNA水平表达变化与双向电泳结果一致。结论低剂量1射线导致人淋巴母细胞中eIF5A、PFDNl和FABP4等蛋白表达发生变化，差异表达的蛋白有助于阐明低剂量辐射生物效应作用机制，并为进一步研究低剂量辐射暴露的生物标志物提供了参考。

New observations on the effect of camellia oil on fatty liver disease in rats

Camellia oil has become an important plant oil in China in recent years,but its effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)have not been documented.In this study,the effects of camellia oil,soybean oil,and olive oil on NAFLD were evaluated by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of the plant oils,the serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed different oils,and by cytological and ultrastructural observation of the rats’hepatocytes.Analysis of fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)n-6/n-3 ratio was 33.33 in camellia oil,12.50 in olive oil,and 7.69 in soybean oil.Analyses of serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats showed that the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a camellia oil-fed group(COFG)were lower than those in an olive oil-fed group(OOFG)and higher than those in a soybean oil-fed group(SOFG).However,only the difference in total cholesterol between the COFG and SOFG was statistically significant.Cytological observation showed that the degree of lipid droplet(LD)accumulation in the hepatocytes in the COFG was lower than that in the OOFG,but higher than that in the SOFG.Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the size and number of the LDs in the hepatocytes of rats fed each of the three types of oil were related to the degree of damage to organelles,including the positions of nuclei and the integrity of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.The results revealed that the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD in rats was greater than that of soybean oil,but less than that of olive oil.Although the overall trend was that among the three oil diets,those with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD,and the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD was not entirely related to the n-6/n-3 ratio and may have involved other factors.This provides new insights into the effect of oil diets on NAFLD.